* 1812 – British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz.

* 1812 – Alexander Herzen, Russian writer ( d. 1870 )

* 1812 – The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U. S. state under the name Louisiana.

* 1812 – Kaspar Hauser, German mystery boy ( d. 1833 )

* 1812 – Bertalan Szemere, Hungarian politician ( d. 1869 )

* 1812 – War of 1812: The Battle of Fort Dearborn is fought between United States troops and Potawatomi at what is now Chicago, Illinois.

* 1812 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army.

* 1812 – War of 1812: American frigate defeats the British frigate off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning her nickname " Old Ironsides ".

He was one of the founders of the Geological Society of London in 1807 and was its honorary secretary in 1812 – 1817.

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1812 – Peninsula War: A coalition of Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces succeed in lifting the two-and-a-half-year-long Siege of Cádiz.

* Alfonso Sanz y Martínez de Arizala ( 28 January 1880, Madrid – 1970 ), married in 1922 to María de Guadalupe de Limantour y Mariscal ( d. 1977, Marbella ), daughter of Julio de Limantour y Marquet ( 17 June 1863, Mexico City – 11 October 1909, Mexico City ) and wife Elena Mariscal y ..., paternal granddaughter of French Joseph Yves de Limantour y Rence de la Pagame ( 1812, Ploemeur – 1885, Mexico City ) and wife Adèle Marquet y Cabannes ( 1820, Bordeaux –?

* 1768 – Joseph Dennie, American author and journalist ( d. 1812 )

* 1812 – Agoston Haraszthy Hungarian-American traveler, writer, and winemaker, founded Buena Vista Winery ( d. 1869 )

* 1812 – Peninsular War: French troops engage British-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Majadahonda.

* 1748 – Joseph Schuster, German composer ( d. 1812 )

* 1813 – War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York ( present day Toronto, Canada ).

* Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym: 1718 – 1812

In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his Prime Ministers Lord Liverpool ( 1812 – 1827 ), George Canning ( 1827 ), Lord Goderich ( 1827 – 1828 ), and Duke of Wellington ( 1828 – 1830 ).

Since the 18th century, " Orientalist " has been the traditional term for a scholar of Oriental studies ; however the use in English of " Orientalism " to describe the academic subject of " Oriental studies " is rare ; the Oxford English Dictionary cites only one such usage, by Lord Byron in 1812.

The members of the government of Lord Liverpool from 1812 to 1827 called themselves Whigs.

The most notable examples of these were HMS Pickle, which raced back to England with news of the British victory and the death of Admiral Lord Nelson at the end of the Battle of Trafalgar, and HMS Whiting ( 79 tons and four guns ), which lowered anchor in the harbor of Hampton Roads on 8 July 1812, carrying dispatches.

The station was named after the street on which it stands, which in turn was named in honour of Lord Liverpool, prime minister from 1812 to 1827, having been built as part of an extension of the City towards the end of his term in office.

See also F Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Charlemont ( London, 1812 ); Warden Flood, Memoirs of Henry Flood ( London, 1838 ); Francis Plowden, Historical Review of the State of Ireland ( London, 1803 ); Alfred Webb, Compendium of Irish Biography ( Dublin, 1878 ); Sir Jonah Barrington, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation ( London, 1833 ); WJ O ' Neill Daunt, Ireland and her Agitators ; Lord Mountmorres, History of the Irish Parliament ( 2 vole., London, 1792 ); Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III ( 4 vols., London, 1845 and 1894 ); Lord Stanhope, Life of William Pitt ( 4 vols., London, 1861 ); Thomas Davis, Life of JP Curran ( Dublin, 1846 ) this contains a memoir of Grattan by DO Madden, and Grattan's reply to Lord Clare on the question of the Union ; Charles Phillips, Recollections of Curran and some of his Contemporaries ( London, 1822 ); JA Froude, The English in Ireland ( London, 1881 ); JG McCarthy, Henry Grattan: an Historical Study ( London, 1886 ); Lord Mahon's History of England, vol.

Lady Caroline Lamb ( 13 November 1785 – 26 January 1828 ) was a British aristocrat and novelist, best known for her affair with Lord Byron in 1812.

From March to August 1812, Lady Caroline embarked on a well-publicized affair with Lord Byron.

Upon Perceval's assassination in 1812, the new Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, offered Canning the position of Foreign Secretary once more.

Melville filled various political offices and was First Lord of the Admiralty from 1812 to 1827, and from 1828 to 1830 ; his eldest son inherited his title.

The most important works that occupied Flaxman in the years next following this appointment were the monument to Mrs Baring in Micheldever church, the richest of all his monuments in relief ( 1805 – 1811 ); that for the Worsley family at Campsall church, Yorkshire, which is the next richest ; those to Sir Joshua Reynolds for St Paul's ( 1807 ); to Captain Webbe for India ( 1810 ); to Captains Walker and Beckett for Leeds ( 1811 ); to Lord Cornwallis for Prince of Wales's Island ( 1812 ); and to Sir John Moore for Glasgow ( 1813 ).

He returned to government again as Lord President in March, 1812, and, in June of the same year, became Home Secretary.

In the years after the fall of the ministry, Grenville continued in opposition, maintaining his alliance with Lord Grey and the Whigs, criticising the Peninsular War and, with Grey, refusing to join Lord Liverpool's government in 1812.

* March, 1812 – Lord Castlereagh succeeds Lord Wellesley as Foreign Secretary.

* April, 1812 – Lord Sidmouth succeeds Lord Camden as Lord President.

* Byronic hero, an archetypal " rebel " in literature, described by Byron in 1812, with attitudes similar to those with angst in modernity.

By the outset of the nineteenth century and particularly in response to the carnage of the latter years of the French revolution, the term Roman holiday had taken on sinister aspects, implying an event that occasions enjoyment or profit at the expense, or derived from the suffering, of others, as in this passage from Childe Harold's Pilgramage ( 1812 – 18 ) by George Gordon, Lord Byron:

Spurned, Byron committed himself to the pursuit of her and in October 1812, he proposed marriage.

* In Childe Harold's Pilgrimage ( 1812 – 18 ), Byron describes how the statue requites humanity's debt to Prometheus: " And if it be Prometheus stole from Heaven / The fire which we endure, it was repaid / By him to whom the energy was given / Which this poetic marble hath array'd / With an eternal glory -- which, if made / By human hands, is not of human thought ; / And Time himself hath hallowed it, nor laid / One ringlet in the dust -- nor hath it caught / A tinge of years, but breathes the flame with which ' twas wrought.

[...] The campaign of 1812, gives as it were in a magnifying glass a very clear illustration of the effect of the means specified under principles 3 and 4.

Heidler's Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 gives the American loss as " 10 or 12 killed, 40 wounded " and " about 100 " captured.

* William Bullock A companion to Mr. Bullock's London Museum and Pantherion 1812 gives a notion of an early 19th century museum, though not a scientific one.

The years 1812 and 1813 saw him in Germany and France again, but on this visit to Berlin he did not seek out the philosophers as he had on his first journey.

The first Spanish Constitution was in 1812.

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

Although Fresnel, who had also the satisfaction of being the first to put it into operation, perfected the dioptric apparatus independently, Brewster was active earlier in the field than Fresnel, describing the dioptric apparatus in 1812.

The word gerrymander ( originally written Gerry-mander ) was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette newspaper on March 26, 1812.

* 1812 – Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry " gerrymanders " for the first time.

* 1812 – Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina in the city of Rosario for the first time.

The word gerrymander ( originally written Gerry-mander ) was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette on March 26, 1812.

On March 19, 1812, the Cádiz Cortes created the first modern Spanish constitution, the Constitution of 1812 ( informally named La Pepa ).

Napoleon's 1812 French invasion of Russia | invasion of Russia brought the first inroads of Western Europe to Hasidism.

At the same time they collected all the folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812 – 1815 the first edition of those Kinder-und Hausmärchen ( Children's and Household Tales ), which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the western world.

The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray's rack locomotive, Salamanca, built for the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in 1812.

The first commercial use of a steam locomotive was Salamanca on the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in Leeds in 1812.

It is said that William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils in 1812.

In 1812, George Medhurst first proposed, but never implemented, blowing passenger carriages through a tunnel.

The Brothers Grimm published their first volume of collected fairy tales in 1812.

The United States conducted two failed invasion attempts in 1812, first by General William Hull across the Detroit River into what is now Windsor, Ontario, and a second offensive at the Niagara peninsula.

When the capital was first moved to Toronto from Newark ( present-day Niagara-on-the-Lake ) in 1796, the Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada were located at the corner of Parliament and Front Streets, in buildings that were burned by U. S. forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident.

Their first collection of folk tales, Children's and Household Tales ( Kinder-und Hausmärchen ), was published in 1812.

Between 1812 and 1857 their first collection was revised and published many times, and grew from 86 stories to more than 200.

In 1812, they published their first volume of 86 folk tales, Kinder-und Hausmärchen, followed quickly by two volumes of German legends and a volume of early literary history.

The first collectors to attempt to preserve not only the plot and characters of the tale, but also the style in which they were told, were the Brothers Grimm, collecting German fairy tales ; ironically, this meant although their first edition ( 1812 & 1815 ) remains a treasure for folklorists, they rewrote the tales in later editions to make them more acceptable, which ensured their sales and the later popularity of their work.