Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition ( Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831 – 1870 ), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.

In 1859, Nobel's father left his factory in the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel ( 1831 – 1888 ), who greatly improved the business.

* 1831 – Soldiers marching on the Broughton Suspension Bridge in Manchester, England cause it to collapse.

* 1831 – Nat Turner's slave rebellion commences just after midnight in Southampton County, Virginia, leading to the deaths of more than 50 whites and several hundred African Americans who are killed in retaliation for the uprising.

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – Nat Turner sees a solar eclipse, which he believes is a sign from God.

* 1831 – A new London Bridge opens.

* 1798 – Sangolli Rayanna, Indian freedom fighter ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – John Jones Ross, Canadian politician, 7th Premier of Quebec ( d. 1901 )

* 1831 – French intervention forces William I of the Netherlands to abandon his attempt to suppress the Belgian Revolution.

* 1831 – Helena Blavatsky, Russian scholar and theosophist ( d. 1891 )

* 1831 – Nat Turner leads black slaves and free blacks in a rebellion.

* Alexander, Prince of Lippe ( 1831 – 1905 ), prince of Lippe

* 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.

* 1831 – The University of Alabama is founded.

* 1831 – John Abernethy, English surgeon ( b. 1764 )

* annual Amtsbürgermeister 1815 – 1831

In the late eighteenth and during the nineteenth century, Lithuanian participants in the 1794, 1830 – 1831, and 1863 rebellions against the Russian czarist rule were exiled to Abakan.

* Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first leader of free modern Greece ( 1776 – 1831 ), had a large building erected ; intended as a barracks, it was subsequently used as a museum, a library and a school.

* 1831 – D. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, resigns.

* Pope Gregory XVI ( 1765 – 1846, r. 1831 – 46 )

Work was also progressing on the northern half of the West Wing ( The Egyptian Sculpture Gallery ) 1826 – 1831, with Montagu House demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade, initiated in 1843 and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.

#* Napoleon Louis Bonaparte ( 1804 – 1831 )

The first Portalian president was General Joaquín Prieto, who served two terms ( 1831 – 1836, 1836 – 1841 ).

* February 14 – Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria ( b. 1831 )

* Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria ( 1831 – 1903 ), daughter of Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary ; wife first of Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este & second of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria

She was the only daughter of the late Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este ( 1821 – 1849 ) and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria ( 1831 – 1903 ).

Elisabeth Franziska Maria, Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Hungary and Bohemia ( 17 January 1831, Buda, Hungary – 14 February 1903, Albertina, Austria-Hungary ).

* Elisabeth Franziska, archduchess of Austria ( 17 January 1831, Ofen, Hungary – 14 February 1903, Vienna, Austria ).

Aloys married Franziska Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau ( Vienna, 8 August 1813 – Vienna, 5 February 1881 ) on 8 August 1831 in Vienna.

* 1788 – Archduke Rudolph of Austria ( d. 1831 )

* Carlo Luci ( Rome, 1808-Florence, 1887 ), later Poniatowski, legitimized in 1847, made Conte di Monterotondo by the Grand Duke of Tuscany on November 20, 1847, Principe di Monterotondo by the Grand Duke of Tuscany and Fürst Poniatowski by the Emperor of Austria both on November 19, 1850 ( Rome, August 4, 1808-San Pancrazio, July 23, 1887 ), married in Florence, September 21, 1831 to Elisa Napoleone Montecatini ( Lucca, November 4, 1808-Lucca, April 18, 1893 ), without children.

In 1823, Wellesley became Ambassador to Austria, where he remained until 1831.

# REDIRECT Archduke Rudolf of Austria ( 1788 – 1831 )

# REDIRECT Archduke Rudolf of Austria ( 1788 – 1831 )

* 1761 – Jean-Louis Pons, French astronomer ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany ( d. 1899 )

* 1831 – John Aaron Rawlins, American soldier, civil servant, and 29th United States Secretary of War ( d. 1869 )

* 1776 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and first head of state of independent Greece ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – Hiram Bond Everest, American co-founder of The Vacuum Oil Company ( d. 1913 )

* 1831 – Nikolai Leskov, Russian writer ( d. 1895 )

* 1781 – Ludwig Achim von Arnim, German poet ( d. 1831 )

* 1757 – Ignaz Pleyel, Austrian composer and piano manufacturer ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist ( d. 1879 )

* 1757 – Samuel Bentham, English mechanical engineer ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – John Bell Hood, American general ( d. 1879 )

* 1755 – Sarah Siddons, English actress ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – Thomas J. Higgins, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient ( d. 1917 )

* 1831 – John Pemberton, American chemist, inventor of Coca-Cola ( d. 1888 )

* 1831 – Jack Slade, American frontier figure ( d. 1864 )

* 1831 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein ( d. 1917 )

* 1763 – Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron, Russian general ( d. 1831 )

* 1799 – Jedediah Strong Smith, American hunter and explorer ( d. 1831 )

* 1831 – Heinrich von Stephan, German labor organizer ( d. 1897 )