Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital, Richmond, Virginia, after his cross – country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality and the majority of Kentuckians into the Union camp.

* Connelly, Thomas L. Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee 1861 – 1862.

The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861 – 1865.

* Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861 – 1865.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861 – 62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.

* 1861 – First performance of Arthur Sullivan's debut success, his suite of incidental music for The Tempest, leading to a career that included the famous Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

* 1861 – Stanislas de Guaita, French occultist ( d. 1897 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: The war begins with Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

* 1796 – George N. Briggs, American politician, 19th Governor of Massachusetts ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

* 1861 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos, Nigeria.

* 1861 – Edith Roosevelt, American wife of Theodore Roosevelt, 27th First Lady of the United States ( d. 1948 )

* 1861 – Sammy Jones, Australian cricketer ( d. 1951 )

* 1811 – Elisha Otis, American inventor and businessman, founded the Otis Elevator Company ( d. 1861 )

This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

* 1861 – American Civil War: Maryland's House of Delegates votes not to secede from the Union.

* 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.

* 1861 – Iván Persa, Hungarian-Slovene writer and catholic priest ( d. 1935 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: US Navy squadron captures forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina.

The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861 – 1901 ISBN 99918-47-99-5

* 1766 – Collin McKinney, American surveyor, merchant, politician, and preacher, helped draft the Texas Declaration of Independence ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 ( 3 % of all incomes over US $ 800 ; rescinded in 1872 ).

* 1861 – American Civil War: The Trent Affair: Confederate diplomatic envoys James M. Mason and John Slidell are freed by the United States government, thus heading off a possible war between the United States and United Kingdom.

Electricity and magnetism ( and light ) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his " On Physical Lines of Force " in 1861 and 1862.

" On June 26, 1860, Flora gave birth to a son, Philip St. George Cooke Stuart, but his father changed the name to James Ewell Brown Stuart, Jr. (" Jimmie "), in late 1861 out of disgust with his father-in-law.

* William James Mayo ( 1861 – 1939 ), co-founder of the Mayo Clinic

Maxwell's equations are named after the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, since in an early form they are all found in a four-part paper, " On Physical Lines of Force ", which he published between 1861 and 1862.

The " modern " opening of the tomb was by James Farrer, an antiquarian and the Member of Parliament for South Durham, in July 1861.

The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855.

* November 28 – James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball ( b. 1861 )

* Connell James Baldwin, Irish soldier and civil servant ( d. 1861 )

Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell developed and published Maxwell's equations which explained and united all of classical electricity and magnetism.

James Edward Calhoun ( 1826 – 1861 ) and 10.

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a high protective tariff in the United States, adopted on March 2, 1861, during the administration of President James Buchanan, a Democrat.

* 1861 – The first color photograph, an additive projected image of a tartan ribbon, is shown by James Clerk Maxwell.

* 1861 – Color photography demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell

* Charles Russell Lowell, Sr. ( 1782 – 1861 ), Unitarian pastor, son of The Old Judge, father of James Russell, and great-great grandfather of Robert Lowell

Critically, it is considered a Bildungsroman – i. e., a novel of self-cultivation – and would be included in the same genre as Dickens's own Great Expectations ( 1861 ), Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure, Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh, H. G. Wells's Tono-Bungay, D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers, and James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

James Wheble sold the rest of his portion of the abbey site to Reading Corporation to create the Forbury Gardens, which were opened in 1861.

The county was established by the state government in 1861 on the eve of the American Civil War and named after former United States president James K. Polk.

* James Abercrombie, ( 1795 – 1861 ), United States Congressman from Alabama, resided here for a time.

* James Abercrombie, ( 1795 – 1861 ), United States Congressman from Alabama, resided here.

The notion of a " woman-centered " society was developed by J. J. Bachofen, whose three-volume Myth, religion, and mother right ( 1861 ) impacted the way classicists such as Jane Harrison, Sir Arthur Evans, Walter Burkert, and James Mellaart looked at the evidence of matriarchal religion in pre-Hellenic societies.

The county was originally named Buchanan County, after U. S. President James Buchanan, but was renamed in 1861 for Alexander H. Stephens, the vice president of the Confederate States of America.

* James Abercrombie, ( 1795 – 1861 ), born in Hancock County, later member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama.