While he was heir-apparent — 1865 to 1881 — Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.

From 1865 to 1884 — except for a brief interval — he was a surgeon at the Pennsylvania Hospital.

* Taylor, Walter H. General Lee — His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861 – 1865.

* American Civil War fought between the remaining United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis ( April 12, 1861 — April 9, 1865 ) and Vice President Alexander Stephens.

On July 4, 1865, the Union Pacific had not gone further than from Omaha — even as the Central Pacific had been working away for 2½ years.

In 1889, for his final examination at the end of his course of study, he submitted his opera Gina, with a libretto by Enrico Golisciani which was adapted from the old French play Catherine, ou La Croix d ' or by Baron Anne-Honoré-Joseph Duveyrier de Mélésville ( 1787 — 1865 ).

On 21 July 1865, having sung the role only four times, Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld died suddenly — prompting speculation that the exertion involved in singing the part of Tristan had killed him.

* 1865 — Gregor Mendel demonstrated in pea plants that inheritance follows definite rules.

This was the first in several attempts by the Union General Ulysses S. Grant to cut Robert E. Lee's final supply line — the South Side Railroad — in the spring 1865.

The war itself finally ended with the surrender of the last Confederate army — Cherokee General Stand Watie's forces, who surrendered at Fort Towson in June 1865, over two months after General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia -- and with it any chance of Confederate success.

— Alice in Wonderland ( 1865 ).

Claude Bernard, known as the " prince of vivisectors " and the father of physiology — whose wife, Marie Françoise Martin, founded the first anti-vivisection society in France in 1883 — famously wrote in 1865 that " the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lighted hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen ".

In 1865 Foss published Tabulæ Curiales, and the printing of his Biographia Juridica — an abbreviation of his Judges of England — was in progress when he died.

The following year, Sir Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained " accessory factors "— in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and salt — that were necessary for the functions of the human body .< ref > Christiaan Eijkman, Beriberi and Vitamin B < sub > 1 </ sub >, Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation </ ref > In 1901, Gerrit Grijns ( May 28, 1865 – November 11, 1944 ), a Dutch physician and assistant to Christiaan Eijkman in the Netherlands correctly interpreted the disease as a deficiency syndrome, and between 1910 and 1913, Dr. Edward Bright Vedder established that an extract of rice bran is a treatment for beriberi.

Louise actually gave birth to nine children — Bernadette, Jean ( born and died 1845 ), Toinette ( 1846 – 1892 ), Jean-Marie ( 1848 – 1851 ), Jean-Marie ( 1851 – 1919 ), Justin ( 1855 – 1865 ), Pierre ( 1859 – 1931 ), Jean ( born and died 1864 ), and a baby girl named Louise who died soon after her birth ( 1866 ).

For several months nothing happened — then came the capture of Wereroa Pa — the relief of the siege of Pipiriki in August, 1865 that virtually ended that phase of the Second Taranaki War.

The pool of unskilled labor was constantly growing, as unprecedented numbers of immigrants — 27. 5 million between 1865 and 1918 — entered the U. S. Most were young men eager for work.

BASF was founded on 6 April 1865 in Mannheim, in the German-speaking country of Baden by Friedrich Engelhorn.

Edward Bouverie Pusey und Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck im Briefwechsel ( 1825 – 1865 ).

Edward Bouverie Pusey und Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck im Briefwechsel ( 1825 – 1865 ).

* Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont ( 1865 – 1946 ), the last reigning Prince of the German state of Waldeck and Pyrmont

In the summer of 1865 Friedrich worked for the organic chemist Adolf Stecker in Göttingen.

Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff ( sometimes referred to as von Ludendorff ) ( 9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937 ) was a German general, victor of Liège and of the Battle of Tannenberg.

"-Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1865.

The business was carried on by his sons, Friedrich Brockhaus ( 1800 – 1865 ), who retired in 1850, and Heinrich Brockhaus ( 1804 – 1874 ), under whom it was considerably extended.

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz () ( 12 February 1804 – 10 February 1865 ) was a Russian physicist of Baltic German ethnicity.

Dresden architect Gottfried Semper ( 1803 – 1879 ) and Berlin architect Friedrich August Stüler ( 1800 – 1865 ) could not convince the grand duke of their plans.

Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart (" History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance ") is a philosophical work by Friedrich Albert Lange, originally written in German and published in October 1865 ( although the year of publication was given as 1866 ).

Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels ( 1865 – 1913 ) was a German physicist.

Friedrich Koch, ( 1786 – 1865 ), apothecary, inventor of industrial quinine manufacture.

* Friedrich Koch ( 1786 – 1865 ), apothecary, inventor of industrial quinine manufacture.

Friedrich Nietzsche found early influence from Schopenhauer, whom he first discovered in 1865.

Another important influence is Roger Joseph Boscovich, whom Nietzsche discovered and learned about through his reading of Friedrich Albert Lange's 1865 Geschichte des Materialismus ( History of Materialism ), which Nietzsche read in 1866.

* LUDDENDORF, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm ( 1865 – 1937 ) General, Nazi Party and National Socialist Freedom Movement politician and leader of the Tannenbergbund.

After Stieler's death Friedrich von Stülpnagel ( 1786 – 1865 ) edited the second ( 1845 – 47 ) and third ( 1852 – 54 ) editions ( both 83 maps ); a fourth edition appeared 1862-64, a fifth 1866-68 ( each 84 maps ).

* 21 November 1865-30 November 1865 Friedrich Wilhelm Fritzsche

In 1865 appeared his monograph on Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, which was followed by three volumes on the emperor Frederick Barbarossa ( Kaiser Friedrich I., Danzig, 1871-1874 ).

Heym was founded in Suhl, Germany by Friedrich Wilhelm Heym in July 1865.

Key painters of the Biedermeier movement are Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller ( 1793 Wien – 1865 ), Josip Tominc ( Gorizia 1780 – 1866 ), Friedrich von Amerling ( 1803 Wien – 1887 ), Friedrich Gauermann ( 1807 Miesenbach, Niederösterreich – 1862 ), Johann Baptist Reiter ( 1813 Linz – 1890 ), Peter Fendi ( 1796 Wien – 1842 ), Michael Neder ( 1807 Wien – 1882 ), Josef Danhauser ( 1805 Wien – 1845 ), Edmund Louis Eduard Wodick ( 1806 Markt Alvensleben – 1886 ) among others.

After the Civil War, Doubleday mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865, reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and became the colonel of the 35th U. S. Infantry in September 1867.

After his discharge from the army in August 1865, Corbett went back to work as a hatter, first in Boston, later in Connecticut, and by 1870 in New Jersey.

Under this agreement signed 20 August 1865, Prussia received Schleswig, while Austria received Holstein.

* 22 August 1865, La Feuille d ' Aoste reported “ It is rumored that English technicians to whom Mr. Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines ".

Warren Gamaliel Harding ( November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923 ) was the 29th President of the United States ( 1921 – 1923 ).

* August 16 – Luigi Ciacchi, Italian cardinal ( d. 1865 )

* August 5 – Frederick Albert Cook, American explorer ( b. 1865 )

* August 2 – Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States ( b. 1865 )

* August 14 – Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, British newspaper magnate ( b. 1865 )

* August 25 – Percival Drayton, United States Navy officer ( d. 1865 )

* August 4 – William Rowan Hamilton, Irish mathematician ( d. 1865 )

Then, between 27 and 30 August 1865, he took up Parsifal again and made a prose draft of the work ; this contains a fairly brief outline of the plot and a considerable amount of detailed commentary on the characters and themes of the drama.

Prussia and Austria then assumed administration of Schleswig and Holstein respectively under the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865.

* 1865: on August the 28th the French Navy Minister orders the first Rouquayrol-Denayrouze diving apparati and mass-production starts.

William Halse Rivers Rivers was the oldest of four children, with his siblings being brother Charles Hay ( 29 August 1865 – 8 November 1939 ) and sisters Ethel Marian ( 30 October 1867 – 4 February 1943 ) and Katharine Elizabeth ( 1871 – 1939 ).

German sculptor August Kiss ( 1802 – 1865 ) was born in Paprotzan, Prussia, which is now situated within modern day Tychy.

On 23 July 1865, he became known to the German geographer August Petermann at a meeting of the " Geographic Society " in Frankfurt.

The Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus started mass production and commercialization on 28 August 1865, when the French Navy Minister ordered the first apparati.

On June 17, 1865, he continued to the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United Kingdom again on August 21, 1865.

Fredrika Bremer ( 17 August 1801-31 December 1865 ) was a Swedish writer and a feminist activist.

Charles Gates Dawes ( August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951 ) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States ( 1925 – 29 ).

The brothers and sisters were Jørgine Caroline ( 1854 – 1879 ), Mathilde Sophie ( born 1856 ), Karen Marie ( 1857 – 1876 ), Jørgen Peter ( born 1859 ) emigrated to Australia, Johan Sophus ( 1861 – 1942 ) emigrated to USA, Christian Albert ( born 1863 ) emigrated to USA, Carl August ( 1865 – 1931 ), Anders Jacob ( born 1867 ) emigrated to USA, Helene Christine Louise ( born 1869 ) emigrated to USA, Valdemar Emil ( 1871 – 1965 ), Julie Christine ( born 1872 ), Anna Dusine ( 8 January to 2 April 1875 ). All the children bore the surname Nielsen despite regulations by the Ministry of Church Affairs.

Shortly before Carl Nielsen met his wife, he had a son Carl August Hansen ( 8 January 1888 – 4 April 1963 ) by a housemaid, Karen Marie Hansen ( 4 September 1865 – 17 March 1949 ).