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* 1943 – Massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
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1943 and –
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1943 and Massacres
During 1943 – 1944 ethnic cleansing operations took place in Ukraine ( commonly known as the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia ) which brought about an estimated 100, 000 deaths and an exodus of ethnic Poles from this territory.
The Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (, literally: Volhynian slaughter ;-Volyn tragedy ) were part of an ethnic cleansing operation carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army ( UPA ) North in the Nazi-occupied regions of Volhynia ( Reichskommissariat Ukraine ) and UPA-South in Eastern Galicia ( General Government ) beginning in March 1943 and lasting until the end of 1944.
During the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia in 1943 Antoni and Wiktoria Cholodecki were murdered by UPA forces, while the largest segment managed to flee west and eventually settled around the city of Wrocław.
1943 and Poles
* 1943: Polish resistance group Zagra-Lin in response to German atrocities against Poles successfully carries out a series of bomb attacks against capital of Nazi Germany, eliminating and wounding a number of citizens of Nazi state.
The Polish-Ukrainian conflict, also referred to as a civil war, occurred with the onset of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia (, literally: Volhynian slaughter ), an ethnic cleansing operation in the eastern part of Poland that took place mainly between late March 1943 and August 1947, thus, extending beyond World War II.
By February 1943 the OUN had initiated a policy of murdering civilian Poles as a way of resolving the Polish question in Ukraine.
In June 1943, Dmytro Klyachkivsky head-commander of the UPA-North made a general decision to exterminate Poles in Volhynia.
The massacres prompted Poles, starting in April 1943, to organize self-defence organizations, 100 of which were formed in Volhynia in 1943.
In late 1943 and early 1944, after most Poles of Volhynia had either been murdered or had fled the area, the conflict spread to the neighboring province of Galicia, where the majority of the population was still Ukrainian, but where the Polish presence was strong.
According to Kirichuk, the first attacks on the Poles took place there in August 1943 and they were probably the work of UPA units from Volhynia.
On August 25, 1943, the German authorities ordered all Poles to leave the villages and settlements and move to larger towns.
On May 25, 1943, the commander of the Soviet partisan forces of the Rivne area stressed in his report to the headquarters that Ukrainian nationalists did not shoot the Poles but cut them dead with knives and axes, with no consideration for age or gender.
According to Grzegorz Motyka, from 1943 to 1947 in all territories that were covered by the conflict, approximately 80, 000-100, 000 Poles were killed.
In March 1943, OUN ( B ) ( specifically Mykola Lebed ) imposed a collective death sentence of all Poles living in the former eastern part of the Second Polish Republic and a few months later local units of the UPA were instructed to complete the operation with haste.
Polish investigators claim that the OUN-B central leadership decided in February 1943 to drive all Poles out of Volhynia, to obtain an " ethnically pure territory " in the postwar period.
* 1941 to 1944 Expulsion of Poles from Zamość region was performed in November 1941, and continued by June / July 1943 which was code named Wehrwolf Action I and II to make room for German ( and to a lesser extent, Ukrainian ) settlers as part of Nazi plans for establishment of German colonies in the conquered territories.
* 1943 to 1944 The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles in Volhynia by nationalist UPA with the bulk of victims reported in summer and autumn 1944.
Since 1942 – 1943 he also oversaw the beginning of the Generalplan Ost, the plan to expel Poles from their lands and resettle those territories with German settlers ( see Zamość Uprising ).
Cadix's Polish military chiefs, Langer and Ciężki, had also been captured by the Germans, as they tried to escape from France into Spain on the night of March 10 – 11, 1943 along with three other Poles: Antoni Palluth, Edward Fokczyński and Kazimierz Gaca.
It is estimated that over 40, 000 Poles killed during spring and summer of 1943 campaign in Volhynia.
The first gassing there took place on October 17, 1943, killing at least 150 Poles caught in a street roundup and about 20 Belgian Jews.
During its existence, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought against the Poles and the Soviets as their primary opponents, although the organization also fought against the Germans starting from February 1943.
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