* ATLAS experiment, a particle detector for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl D. Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber — a particle detector in which moving electrons ( or positrons ) leave behind trails as they move through the gas.

A Geiger – Müller counter, also called a Geiger counter, is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation.

This creates an alpha particle inside the detector and thus neutrons can be counted.

The sixteen instruments, weighing 118 kg altogether, included magnetometer sensors mounted on an 11 m boom to minimize interference from the spacecraft ; a plasma instrument for detecting low energy charged particles and a plasma wave detector to study waves generated by the particles ; a high energy particle detector ; and a detector of cosmic and Jovian dust.

It also carried the Heavy Ion Counter, an engineering experiment added to assess the potentially hazardous charged particle environments the spacecraft flew through, and an added Extreme Ultraviolet detector associated with the UV spectrometer on the scan platform.

The EPD used silicon solid state detectors and a time-of-flight detector system to measure changes in the energetic particle population at Jupiter as a function of position and time.

The view that the " observation " is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories.

Fermat's principle is the main principle of quantum electrodynamics where it states that any particle ( e. g. a photon or an electron ) propagates over all available ( unobstructed ) paths and the interference ( sum, or superposition ) of its wavefunction over all those paths ( at the point of observer or detector ) gives the correct probability of detection of this particle ( at this point ).

* Dead time – an application of exponential distribution to particle detector analysis.

* high sensitivity particle detectors, including the transition edge sensor, the superconducting bolometer, the superconducting tunnel junction detector, the kinetic inductance detector, and the superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

We can also arrange to have a minimally invasive detector at one of the slits to detect which slit the particle went through.

The Copenhagen interpretation states that the particles are not localised in space until they are detected, so that, if there is not any detector on the slits, there is no matter of fact about which slit the particle has passed through.

The final position of the particle on the detector screen and the slit through which the particle passes is determined by the initial position of the particle.

* Gas Electron Multiplier, a type of particle detector used in experimental particle physics

For example, Dicker implemented a particle effect algorithm to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies.

Instead, single particle identification and correlation are implemented, which set limits on particle number density.

It also opens the way for neutral particle mixing through processes such as the one pictured here, which is a complicated example of mass renormalization.

If the path of the particle or centre of mass of the rigid body passes through the given origin, its angular momentum is zero.

Both the problems of baryogenesis and cosmic inflation are very closely related to particle physics, and their resolution might come from high energy theory and experiment, rather than through observations of the universe.

Ernest Rutherford demonstrated that rays could pass through thin metal foils, behavior expected of a particle.

* propagation ( may comprise several elementary steps, as, for instance, reaction elementary acts, where the active particle through reaction forms another active particle which continues the reaction chain by entering the next elementary step ); particular cases are:

This enables the experimenter to find the position of a particle not when it impacts the screen, but rather, when it passes through the double-slit — did it go through only one of the slits, as a particle would be expected to do, or through both, as a wave would be expected to do?

Many early experiments found that any modification of the apparatus that can determine which slit a particle passes through will reduce the visibility of interference at the screen, thereby illustrating the complementarity principle: that light ( and electrons, etc.

The first demonstrates that extracting " which path " information after a particle passes through the slits can seem to retroactively alter its previous behavior at the slits.

Historically, the electron volt was devised as a standard unit of measure through its usefulness in electrostatic particle accelerator sciences because a particle with charge q has an energy E = qV after passing through the potential V ; if q is quoted in integer units of the elementary charge and the terminal bias in volts, one gets an energy in eV.

Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a field it interacts with ( requiring a force to do so ), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a new position of the particles in the field — a configuration that must be " held " or fixed by a different type of force ( otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing or pulling the particle back toward its previous position ).

In sieving, particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained ( see particle size distribution ).

This design gives additional gas volume, and thereby increased chance of particle interaction, but allows low energy photons to enter the gas through the thin wall.

The phage particle recognizes and binds to its host, E. coli, causing DNA in the head of the phage to be ejected through the tail into the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.

Of the various particle accelerators, the Van De Graff machines, resonant transformers, and linear accelerators are the principal ones available for commercial use.

For more details of this early work, see Alpha particle # History of discovery and use.

Masonite, a wood hardboard, was bonded using natural lignin, ( although most modern MDF particle boards use synthetic thermosetting resins ).

The calculation of probability amplitudes in theoretical particle physics requires the use of rather large and complicated integrals over a large number of variables.

In fact there are only about 2. 5 elementary particles in the observable universe, so even if one were to use an elementary particle to represent each digit, one would run out of particles well before reaching a googol of digits.

The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing causing unpredictable results.

One major change from al-Fusha is the use of a prefix particle ( ب " bi " in most dialects ) to explicitly mark progressive, continuous, or habitual aspect: بيكتب, bi-yiktib, he is now writing, writes all the time, etc.

Both methods have long been promoted on the basis of lowest cost, though neither of these measurements directly, or reliably, reflects HDL particle functionality to remove cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaque and can therefore be misleading, especially on an individual patient-by-patient basis Labs use the routine dextran sulfate-Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup > precipitation method with ultracentrifugation / dextran sulfate-Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup > precipitation as reference method.

: Note this model assumes the particle is a point mass, which is certainly known to be false in many cases in which we use this model ; for example, as a model of planetary motion.

Such devices use radioactive decay or particle accelerators to trigger fissions.

showed that we can use macroscopic oil droplets on a vibrating surface as a model of wave – particle duality — localized droplet creates periodical waves around and interaction with them leads to quantum-like phenomena: interference in double-slit experiment, unpredictable tunneling ( depending in complicated way on practically hidden state of field ) and orbit quantization ( that particle has to ' find a resonance ' with field perturbations it creates — after one orbit, its internal phase has to return to the initial state ).

By removing the need to load the particle with the properties of space and time, a fully deterministic, local and causal description of quantum phenomena is possible by use of a simple dynamical operator on a Universal Invariant Set.

Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 µm ( clays being finer than silts ), sedimentologists often use 4-5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm.

Although the specific impulse of an electric thruster itself optionally could range up to where mass drivers merge into particle accelerators with fractional-lightspeed exhaust velocity for tiny particles, trying to use extreme exhaust velocity to accelerate a far slower spacecraft could be suboptimally low thrust when the energy available from a spacecraft's reactor or power source is limited ( a lesser analogue of feeding onboard power to a row of spotlights, photons being an example of an extremely low momentum to energy ratio ).

Another beam-pushed concept would be to use a magnetic sail or MMPP sail to divert a beam of charged particles from a particle accelerator or plasma jet.

Quantum physicists also use this convention of handedness because it is consistent with their convention of handedness for a particle ’ s spin.

Their radius will increase until the particles hit a target at the perimeter of the vacuum chamber, or leave the cyclotron using a beam tube, enabling their use e. g. for particle therapy.

The particle exhaust disrupts the use of conventional radar and a range of wireless communications.

We use variations of for particle positions while represents the complex-valued wavefunction on configuration space.

One approach to defining the particle size distribution is to use a list of the size of all particles in a sample.

Some of these, such as omission of the negative particle ne, are present in the informal language of speakers of standard European French, while other features, such as use of the interrogative particle-tu, are either peculiar to Quebec or Canadian French or restricted to nonstandard varieties of European French.

* Maxwell's equations allow us to use a given set of initial conditions to deduce, for every point in Euclidean space, a magnitude and direction for the force experienced by a charged test particle at that point ; the resulting vector field is the electromagnetic field.