Adenylate cyclase (, also known as adenylyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase or AC ) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in nearly all cells.

Adenylate cyclase is dually regulated by G proteins ( Gs stimulating activity and Gi inhibiting it ), and by forskolin, as well as other isoform-specific effectors:

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# G protein stimulates Adenylate cyclase

* Adenylate cyclase

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Magnesium is a cofactor for Adenylate cyclase.

Adenylate kinase () ( also known as ADK or myokinase ) is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of adenine nucleotides, and plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis.

* Adenylate kinase, a phosphotransferase enzyme that plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis

Guanylate cyclase (, also known as guanylyl cyclase, guanyl cyclase or GC ) is a lyase enzyme.

This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme adenylate cyclase.

They are coupled to G < sub > s </ sub > and increase the cellular concentrations of cAMP by the activation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes conformation changes that stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP and subsequent activation of protein kinase A.

* Guanylate cyclase, an enzyme catalysing the synthesis of cyclic-GMP from GTP

At first, it was thought that cannabinoid receptors mainly inhibited the enzyme adenylate cyclase ( and thereby the production of the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP ), and positively influenced inwardly rectifying potassium channels (= Kir or IRK ).

Activation of D < sub > 2 </ sub >- like family receptors is coupled to the G protein G < sub > αi </ sub >, which directly inhibits the formation of cAMP by inhibiting the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

When an odorant binds to its specific receptor in the chemosenstive cilia membrane, it activates a G protein, which causes a downstream reaction activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase ( AC ).

NO activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase which results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ), leading to smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels supplying the corpus cavernosum, resulting in increased blood flow and an erection.

The D < sub > 4 </ sub > receptor is considered to be D < sub > 2 </ sub >- like in which the activated receptor inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP.

VNs serve to prevent inflammation by activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase which then produces cAMP.

It is also said that a synthase is a lyase ( a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure ) and does not require any energy, whereas a synthetase is a ligase ( a ligase is an enzyme that binds two chemicals or compounds ) and thus requires energy.

Several other therapies are currently under investigation, including gene therapy, large neutral amino acids, and enzyme substitution therapy with phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL ).

In addition, the breakdown of sphingolipids is also dependent on vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > since S1P lyase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down sphingosine-1-phosphate, is also PLP dependent.

* Pyruvate formate lyase, an enzyme important in the regulation of anaerobic glucose metabolism

" 17α-hydroxylase " and " 17, 20 lyase " are carried out by a single enzyme.

In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure.

For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

For example, silencing phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL ), an enzyme synthesizing precursors to SA, reduces SAR but enhances herbivory resistance against insects.

* HCCS ( gene ) and Cytochrome c-type heme lyase enzyme.

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (, synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD ) is a lyase enzyme.