In the year 1712, the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah, a grandson of Aurangzeb sent gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmad III and refereed to himself as the Ottoman Sultan's devoted admirer.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

Ahmad Shah Massoud ( Aḥmad Šāh Mas ' ūd ; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001 ) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan.

Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953 in Bazarak, Panjshir, Afghanistan.

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The Durrani Empire (, also referred to as the Last Afghan Empire ) was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

With the support of various tribal leaders, Ahmad Shah Durrani extended Afghan control from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

Ahmad Shah then set out westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Shahrukh Afshar.

Ahmad Shah and his forces invaded India four times, taking control of the Kashmir and the Punjab region.

After the death of Ahmad Shah in about 1772, his son Timur Shah became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty who decided to make Kabul the new capital of the empire, and used Peshawar as the winter capital.

The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as " Father of the Nation ".

In October 1747 a loya jirga ( grand council ) concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded.

Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor.

In 1749, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.

Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh of Persia, and then Mashhad ( in present-day Iran ).

Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains.

Early skirmishes were followed by victory for the Afghans against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas.

By 1751, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with Delhi in India.

* 1531 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.

He sent his army, along with the Syrian-backed Palestinian factions of as-Sa ' iqa and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command ( PFLP-GC ) led by Ahmad Jibril to fight alongside the radical right-wing Christian forces against the PLO and the LNM.

* April 4 – April 16 – Ethiopia – Battle of Jarte: The Portuguese under Christovão da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn and inflict upon him two successive defeats.

* February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga: A joint Ethiopian-Portuguese force of 8, 500 under Emperor Gelawdewos, defeats Imam Ahmad Gran's army of over 14, 000, ending the Ethiopian – Adal War.

* February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.

* October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.

* Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish mameluk general in Arab army founds Tulunid dynasty in Egypt.

* March 7 – March 9 – Battle of Shimbra Kure: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.

At the Battle of Omdurman ( 2 September 1898 ), an army commanded by the British Gen. Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad.

The Qarmatians led by Hasan ibn Ahmad defeated a Fatimid army headed by Gawhar al-Siqilli at Kolzum in 971 and thereby captured the town.

These he composed for a time, but in 1862 a Persian army, acting in concert with Ahmad Khan, advanced against Herat.

Colonel Ahmed Orabi or Ahmed Urabi (, ; April 1, 1841 – September 21, 1911 ; also known as Orabi Pasha, Ahmed Oraebi and Ahmed Pasha Orabi el-Masri ; his name was also transliterated Ahmad Arabi in older sources ) was an Egyptian army general, and nationalist who led a revolt in 1879 against Tewfik Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, and the increasing European domination of the country.

Al-Amin sent Ahmad ibn Mazyad and Abdallah ibn Humayd east, each with an army ( al-Tabari v. 31 p. 100 says each had 20, 000 men ).

His father was an officer in the Abbasid army in Khorasan and later settled with his family in Baghdad, where Ahmad was born in 780 CE.

He concludes with stating that had Ahmad Gragn burned a church at Lalibela, it was most likely Bete Medhane Alem ; and if the Muslim army was either mistaken or misled by the locals, then the church he set fire to was Gannata Maryam, " 10 miles east of Lalibela which likewise has a colonnade of pillars cut from the mountain ".

Under the command of Malik Ahmad Khan a large army encamped on the bank of the Guddar stream near Katlang.

An alliance of Islamic Jihad and the Popular Resistance Committees claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was carried out in reprisal for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh Ahmad Yassin and Abdelaziz Rantisi by the Israeli army some weeks earlier.

The Popular Resistance Committees and Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was carried out in reprisals for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh Ahmad Yassin and Abdelaziz Rantisi by the Israeli army earlier the same year and reportedly described it as " heroic ".

From this new capital, Adal organised an effective army led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi that invaded the Abyssinian empire.

In the autumn of 1726, the Ottoman governor of Baghdad, Ahmad Pasha, advanced with his army on Isfahan, sending a message to Ashraf saying that he was coming to reinstate the rightful shah of Persia.