* In 27 BC, following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, the Roman Senate voted him new titles, officially becoming Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus.

A fictionalized version of this Ahenobarbus appears in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra under the name of " Enobarbus "

The final conflict was provoked by Antony, who is said to have been persuaded by his lover, the queen Cleopatra of Egypt, to retire to her land and give battle to mask his retreat ; but lack of provisions and the growing demoralization of his army would eventually account for this decision.

It was a naval engagement fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.

That occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the Triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister Octavia Minor, and moved to Egypt to start a long-term romance with Cleopatra, thus becoming de facto stepfather to Caesarion.

In fact, Antony and Cleopatra formally elevated to power Caesarion, then thirteen years of age, in 34 BC, giving him the vague but alarming title of " King of the Kings " ( Donations of Alexandria ).

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

Octavian was not present, but at the next meeting made a reply of such a nature that the consuls both left Rome to join Antony ; and Antony, when he heard of it, after publicly divorcing Octavia, came at once to Ephesus with Cleopatra, where a vast fleet was gathered from all parts of the East, of which Cleopatra furnished a large proportion.

But, by the publication of Antony's will, which had been put into his hands by the traitor Plancus, and by carefully letting it be known at Rome what preparations were going on at Samos, and how entirely Antony was acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31, for which he had been designated, and a vote for a proclamation of war against Cleopatra, well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named.

Antony foresaw that he would not be able to defeat Octavian's forces, so he and Cleopatra stayed in the rear of the formation.

Antony seized the opportunity and with Cleopatra on her ship and him on a different ship, sped through the gap and escaped, abandoning his entire force.

Mark Antony then tried to flee from the battle, and as a result of a communication breakdown, came to believe that Cleopatra had been captured, and hence committed suicide.

Cleopatra VII ( 69 – 30 BC ) was the last pharaoh of Egypt, famed lover of Mark Antony and Julius Caesar.

* Cleopatra Selene II ( 40 – 5 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony

He also played a role in a tour of Antony and Cleopatra, produced by the actress Katharine Cornell in 1946.

The phrase " gaudy night " is taken from Shakespeare's Antony & Cleopatra:

Herod originally leased Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony gave it to her as a gift.

Mark Antony supposedly gave Cleopatra over 200, 000 scrolls ( taken from the great Library of Pergamum ) for the library as a wedding gift, but this is regarded by some historians as a propagandist claim meant to show Antony's allegiance to Egypt rather than Rome.

In 1951, Leigh and Olivier performed two plays about Cleopatra, William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra, alternating the play each night and winning good reviews.

* 1951, Laurence Olivier as Antony and Vivien Leigh as Cleopatra in a production that played in repertory with George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra at the St James's Theatre and later on Broadway.

In 1951, they produced and starred in an ambitious production of both Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra and Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra for the Festival of Britain.

He made his London debut on 20 April 1950 at the Arts Theatre as Maxim in Ivanov, and made his first appearances on the New York stage at the Ziegfeld Theatre on 19 December 1951 as an Egyptian Guard in Caesar and Cleopatra, and on 20 December 1951 as the Messenger in Antony and Cleopatra.

Other appearances on Broadway included: W. Somerset Maugham's The Letter ( 1927 ), Sidney Howard's The Alien Corn ( 1933 ), Juliet in Romeo and Juliet ( 1934 ), Maxwell Anderson's The Wingless Victory ( 1936 ), S. N. Behrman's No Time for Comedy ( 1939 ), a Tony Award-winning Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra ( 1947 ), and a revival of Maugham's The Constant Wife ( 1951 ).

Henry Antony Cardew Worrall Thompson ( born 1 May 1951 ) is a British celebrity chef, television presenter and radio broadcaster.

* 1950 – Antony Gormley, English sculptor

* 43 BC – Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is wounded.

* 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed.

* 1927 – Antony Gardner, British politician ( d. 2011 )

* 1923 – Antony Flew, British philosopher ( d. 2010 )

* 1961 – Antony Jenkins, English banker and businessman

* 1970 – Joan Wasser, American singer-songwriter and violinist ( The Dambuilders, Those Bastard Souls, and Antony and the Johnsons )

* 1924 – Antony Hewish, English radio astronomer, Nobel laureate

Marcus Antonius, commonly known in English as Mark Antony ( Latin: ) ( January 14, 83 BC – August 1, 30 BC ), was a Roman politician and general.

Antony returned to Alexandria with her, where he spent the winter of 41 BC – 40 BC.

In 32 BC, the Senate deprived him of his powers and declared war against Cleopatra – not Antony, because Octavian had no wish to advertise his role in perpetuating Rome's internecine bloodshed.

* Lytle, William Haines ( 1826 – 1863 ), Antony and Cleopatra

** Plutarch's Parallel Lives: " Life of Antony " – Loeb Classical Library edition, 1920

* 44 BC – Casca, Cicero and Cassius decided, in the night before the Assassination of Julius Caesar, that Mark Antony should stay alive.

* 43 BC – The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (" Octavian ", later " Caesar Augustus "), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony is formed.

* 42 BC – First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight a decisive battle with Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius.

* 42 BC – Roman Republican civil wars: Second Battle of Philippi – Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat Brutus's army.

* 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his Philippics ( oratorical attacks ) on Mark Antony.

* 31 BC – Final War of the Roman Republic: Battle of Actium – off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

* 1966 – The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City with the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera, Antony and Cleopatra.

* 1983 – Antony Sweeney, English footballer