There, along the east bank of the Southern Bug, opposite the hamlet of Zhitzhakli a few miles north of the Black Sea, he arrived at General Headquarters of the Russian Army.

Potemkin's Army of Ekaterinoslav, totaling, it was claimed, 40,000 regular troops and 6,000 irregulars of the Cossack Corps, had invested Islam's principal stronghold on the north shore of the Black Sea, the fortress town of Oczakov, and was preparing to test the Turk by land and sea.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

Such is the case with the Black Sea invasion of the natural hybrid Pelophylax esculentus reported in 2010.

It is a peninsula bound by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the north-east, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the south-east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west.

Greek-speaking populations moved to the west coasts and established cities up to the Black Sea.

To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe ; the Strait of Gibraltar ( where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea – one of its marginal seas – and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia ) and Africa.

In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus.

Aegean surface water circulates in a counter-clockwise gyre, with hypersaline Mediterranean water moving northward along the west coast of Turkey, before being displaced by less dense Black Sea outflow.

The dense Mediterranean water sinks below the Black Sea inflow to a depth of, then flows through the Dardanelles Strait and into the Sea of Marmara at velocities of 5 – 15 cm / s.

The Black Sea outflow moves westward along the northern Aegean Sea, then flows southwards along the east coast of Greece.

The physical oceanography of the Aegean Sea is controlled mainly by the regional climate, the fresh water discharge from major rivers draining southeastern Europe, and the seasonal variations in the Black Sea surface water outflow through the Dardanelles Strait.

The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west.

The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland.

Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey.

The Anatolian peninsula, also called Asia Minor, is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Sea of Marmara to the northwest, which separates Anatolia from Thrace in Europe.

The Black Sea deluge theory ( published in 1997 by William Ryan and Walter Pitman from Columbia University ) contends that the Bosphorus was formed about 5600 BC when the rising waters of the Mediterranean / Sea of Marmara breached through to the Black Sea, which at the time ( according to the theory ) was a low-lying body of fresh water.

Black Sea today ( light blue ) and in 5600 BC ( dark blue ) according to Ryan's and Pitman's theories, versions of the Black Sea deluge theory

* c. 5600 BC: According to the Black Sea deluge theory, the Black Sea floods with salt water.

Ballard's research has contributed to the debate over the Black Sea deluge theory.

Marija Gimbutas ' Kurgan hypothesis is opposed by Paleolithic Continuity Theory, which associates Pit Grave and Sredny Stog Kurgan cultures with Turkic peoples, and the Anatolian hypothesis, and is also opposed by the Black Sea deluge theory.

One of the latest, and quite controversial, hypotheses of long term flooding is the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about 5600 BCE from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea.

The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea circa 5600 BC due to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait.

# REDIRECT Black Sea deluge hypothesis

# REDIRECT Black Sea deluge hypothesis

* Ryan-Pitman Theory ( Black Sea deluge theory )

* c 5600 BCE: According to the Black Sea deluge theory, the Black Sea floods with salt water.

Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.

Additional evidence against this hypothesis includes the fact that Mediaevalis is likely too young to have produced the Black Death due to its recent divergence from Orientalis.

One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, ' The Search for Odin ', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001 – 2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.

Deluc noticed the disappearance of heat in the thawing of ice about the same time that Joseph Black founded on it his hypothesis of latent heat.

The hypothesis that the anoxic waters of the Black Sea would allow extraordinary organic preservation is borne out by the discovery of Sinop D, the 1, 500 year old shipwreck with excellent preservation of features above the sediment layer.

The Kurgan hypothesis postulates that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were the bearers of the Kurgan culture of the Black Sea and the Caucasus and west of the Urals.

MIT Sloan places great emphasis on innovation and invention, and many of the world's most famous management and finance theories — including the Black – Scholes model, the binomial options pricing model, the Modigliani – Miller theorem, the neoclassical growth model, the random walk hypothesis, Theory X and Theory Y, and the field of System Dynamics — were developed at the school.

Black holes with are believed not to exist in nature because they would contain a naked singularity ; their appearance would contradict Roger Penrose's cosmic censorship hypothesis which is generally believed to be true.

This Iranian hypothesis relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close affinity to the Ossetic language.

The oscillating hypothesis specifies that over the last 30, 000 years, water has intermittently flowed back and forth between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea in relatively small magnitudes, and does not necessarily presuppose that there occurred any sudden " refilling " events.

Black Sea today ( light blue ) and in 5600 BC ( dark blue ) according to Ryan and Pitman's hypothesis.

Samplings of sediments in the Black Sea by a series of expeditions carried out between 1998 to 2005 in the frame of a European Project ASSEMBLAGE and coordinated by a French oceanographer, Gilles Lericolais, brought some new inputs to the Ryan and Pitman's hypothesis.

Countering the hypothesis of Ryan and Pitman are data collected prior to its publication by Ukrainian and Russian scientists including Valentina Yanko-Hombach, who claims that the water flow through the Bosporus repeatedly reversed direction over geological time depending on fluctuation in the levels of the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea.

One hypothesis suggests that the anomalous accumulation of organic matter relates to its enhanced preservation under restricted and poorly oxygenated conditions, which themselves were a function of the particular geometry of the ocean basin: such a hypothesis, although readily applicable to the young and relatively narrow Cretaceous Atlantic ( which could be likened to a large-scale Black Sea, only poorly connected to the World Ocean ), fails to explain the occurrence of coeval black shales on open-ocean Pacific plateaus and shelf seas around the world.