* Cavity quantum electrodynamics

ATLAS-3 instruments, mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the cargo bay, included Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy ( ATMOS ), which collected more data on trace gases in the atmosphere than on all three of its previous flights combined ; Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer ( SSBUV ), which took ozone measurements to calibrate ozone monitor on aging NOAA-9 satellite as well as cooperative measurements with other ATLAS-3 instruments ; Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor ( ACRIM ), which took extremely precise measurements of the sun's total radiation for 30 orbits as calibration reference for sister instrument on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ( UARS ) launched in 1991 ; Measurement of the Solar Constant ( SOLCON ), provided by Belgium, which also measured solar radiation but as reference point to track changes over years ; Solar Spectrum Measurement ( SOLSPEC ), French instrument, measured sun's radiation as function of wavelength ; and Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor ( SUSIM ), which collected its highest precision solar ultraviolet radiation measurements in its 15-year lifetime.

; Carrot: ' Cavity spot ' – oval spots develop into craters which may be invaded by other disease-causing organisms.

* Cavity Magnetron invented by John Randall and Harry Boot.

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy ( CRDS ) is a highly sensitive optical spectroscopic technique that enables measurement of absolute optical extinction by samples that scatter and absorb light.

* External Cavity Lasers using a MEMS structure for tuning the cavity length, such as devices commercialized by Iolon.

Cavity magnetron and crossed-field amplifier are not appropriate because noise introduced by these devices interfere with detection performance.

Cavity magnetrons can be improperly used to create surface and internal burning.

The linac within the Australian Synchrotron uses radio waves from a series of Resonator # Cavity resonators | RF cavities at the start of the linac to accelerate the electron beam in bunches to energies of 100 MeV.

When this field is instead studied using the QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force — either an attraction or a repulsion depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates.

A quantum theory of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as electrons is described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics.

In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between charged particles can be calculated using the method of Feynman diagrams, in which we picture messenger particles called virtual photons being exchanged between charged particles.

This theory, completed in the 1940s, is known as quantum electrodynamics ( or " QED "), and, in situations where perturbation theory is applicable, is one of the most accurate theories known to physics.

This quantum picture of the electromagnetic field ( which treats it as analogous to harmonic oscillators ) has proved very successful, giving rise to quantum electrodynamics, a quantum field theory describing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with charged matter.

It also gives rise to quantum optics, which is different from quantum electrodynamics in that the matter itself is modelled using quantum mechanics rather than quantum field theory.

The study of how charged substances interact is classical electrodynamics, which is accurate insofar as quantum effects can be ignored.

The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is quantum electrodynamics.

Freeman John Dyson FRS ( born December 15, 1923 ) is a British-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician, famous for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering.

Dyson is best known for demonstrating in 1949 the equivalence of the formulations of quantum electrodynamics that existed by that time – Richard Feynman's diagrams, on the one hand, and, on the other, the operator method developed by Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga.

Dyson's paper and also his lectures presented Feynman's theories of QED ( quantum electrodynamics ) in a form that other physicists could understand and undoubtedly facilitated the physics community's acceptance of Feynman's work.

Whereas Skyrme's example involved pion physics, there is a much more familiar example in quantum electrodynamics with a magnetic monopole.

When describing graviton interactions, the classical theory ( i. e., the tree diagrams ) and semiclassical corrections ( one-loop diagrams ) behave normally, but Feynman diagrams with two ( or more ) loops lead to ultraviolet divergences ; that is, infinite results that cannot be removed because the quantized general relativity is not renormalizable, unlike quantum electrodynamics.

Unlike the electrically neutral photon of quantum electrodynamics ( QED ), gluons themselves carry color charge and therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than QED.

Isotropy of space is fundamental to quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) where the wave function of any object propagates along all available unobstructed paths.

Electromagnetism has continued to develop into the 21st century, being incorporated into the more fundamental theories of gauge theory, quantum electrodynamics, electroweak theory, and finally the standard model.

The explanation of the phenomena is thus essentially based on all subtleties of quantum mechanics, whereas the electrodynamics covers mainly the phenomenology.

Maxwell's equations are usually an extremely accurate approximation to the more accurate theory of quantum electrodynamics.

Because the muon is a lepton, the atomic energy levels of muonium can be calculated with great precision from quantum electrodynamics ( QED ), unlike the case of hydrogen, where the precision is limited by uncertainies related to the internal structure of the proton.

In quantum computing, a quantum bit or qubit is a quantum system that can exist in superposition of two bit values, " true " and " false ".

The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computers.

A single qubit can represent a one, a zero, or, crucially, any quantum superposition of these two qubit states ; moreover, a pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states, and three qubits in any superposition of 8.

* Superconductor-based quantum computers ( including SQUID-based quantum computers ) ( qubit implemented by the state of small superconducting circuits ( Josephson junctions ))

* Trapped ion quantum computer ( qubit implemented by the internal state of trapped ions )

* electrically defined or self-assembled quantum dots ( e. g. the Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer or ) ( qubit given by the spin states of an electron trapped in the quantum dot )

* Quantum dot charge based semiconductor quantum computer ( qubit is the position of an electron inside a double quantum dot )

* Solid-state NMR Kane quantum computers ( qubit realized by the nuclear spin state of phosphorus donors in silicon )

* Electrons-on-helium quantum computers ( qubit is the electron spin )

* Fullerene-based ESR quantum computer ( qubit based on the electronic spin of atoms or molecules encased in fullerene structures )

* Diamond-based quantum computer < ref name =" Nizovtsevetal2004 "> ( qubit realized by the electronic or nuclear spin of Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond )

* Rare-earth-metal-ion-doped inorganic crystal based quantum computers ( qubit realized by the internal electronic state of dopants in optical fibers )

The most popular unit of quantum information is the qubit, a two-level quantum system.

A two-level quantum system can carry at most one qubit, in the same sense a classical binary digit can carry at most one classical bit.