Liquid crystal phases can also be based on low-melting inorganic phases like ZnCl < sub > 2 </ sub > that have a structure formed of linked tetrahedra and easily form glasses.

Hydrates are inorganic salts " containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal " that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex.

In inorganic phosphors, these inhomogeneities in the crystal structure are created usually by addition of a trace amount of dopants, impurities called activators.

* Mineral hydration, an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral

But there are also several examples where unknown crystal structures ( both inorganic, organic and biological ) have been solved by electron crystallography.

" The growth of such " biomorphic " inorganic precipitates was studied in detail in a 2009 Science paper, which showed that unusual crystal growth mechanisms can produce witherite precipitates from barium chloride and silica solutions that closely resemble primitive organisms.

Consequently, the specific recognition properties of the virus can be used to organize inorganic nanocrystals, forming ordered arrays over the length scale defined by liquid crystal formation.

* Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate, a type of inorganic crystal used as a scintillator in nuclear medicine imaging

The crystal image, which is to remain important until the end of The Cantos, is a composite of frozen light, the emphasis on inorganic form found in the writings of the mystic Heydon, the air in Dante's Paradiso, and the mirror of crystal in the Chou King amongst other sources.

Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with unusually large amounts of water in the crystal lattice.

Electron diffraction pattern of the same crystal of inorganic tantalum oxide shown above.

Some patients suffer from calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal depositions with occasional overt attacks of arthritis ( pseudogout ), which appears to be the result of elevated endogenous inorganic pyrophosphate ( PPi ) levels.

Descriptive inorganic chemistry focuses on the classification of compounds based on their properties.

If organic or inorganic contaminations are present on the wafer surface, they are usually removed by wet chemical treatment, e. g. the RCA clean procedure based on solutions containing hydrogen peroxide.

Synthetic ( inorganic based ) fertilizers are made in a chemical process that uses fossil fuel and contributes to global warming.

Fluxes for soft soldering are typically of organic nature, though inorganic fluxes, usually based on halogenides and / or acids, are also used in non-electronics applications.

* WS ( Water-Soluble )-usually based on inorganic or organic halides ; highly corrosive residues

Recent new developments include the discovery of large, highly symmetric polyoxomolybdates such as the wheel-shaped molybdenum blue anions and spherical keplerates, numerous hybrid organic / inorganic materials that contain POM cores ,< ref > A novel 3D organic – inorganic hybrid based on sandwich-type cadmium hetereopolymolybdate: Cd < sub > 2 </ sub > < sub > 2 </ sub >· 3H < sub > 2 </ sub > O, Hong-Xu Guo and Shi-Xiong Liu Inorganic Chemistry Communications 7, 11, ( 2004 ), 1217 new potential applications based on unusual magnetic and optical < ref > Field-dependent magnetic parameters in Ni < sub > 4 </ sub > Mo < sub > 12 </ sub >: Magnetostriction at the molecular level?

In one specific type of radical addition called self-terminating oxidative radical cyclization, alkynes are oxidized to ketones with intramolecular radical cyclization and the radical species are inorganic rather than carbon based.

Before the use of triple based propellants the usual method of flash reduction was to add inorganic salts like potassium chloride so their specific heat capacity might reduce the temperature of combustion gasses and their finely divided particulate smoke might block visible wavelengths of radiant energy of combustion.

Nanosys, Inc ( Palo Alto ) designs products based on a technology platform that incorporates high performance inorganic nanostructures.

Such materials may not be suitable for comparable devices based on inorganic semiconductors due to the need for lattice matching and the high temperature fabrication procedure involved.

The stability of the device matches that of a conventional inorganic silicon based solar cell.

Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and physical chemistry.

Quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy, quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering, perhaps to manufacture components for use in nanotechnology.

Another potential cutting-edge application of quantum dots is being researched, with quantum dots acting as the inorganic fluorophore for intra-operative detection of tumors using fluorescence spectroscopy.

Roughly, the HOMO level is to organic semiconductors what the valence band maximum is to inorganic semiconductors and quantum dots.

Optical properties of semiconductor quantum dot-inorganic nanotube hybrids reveal efficient resonant energy transfer from the quantum dot to the inorganic nanotubes upon photoexcitation.

Taube realized that his work on the substitution of carbon in organic reactions could be related to inorganic complexes.

It should be possible to prepare very pure chlorine by oxidation of inorganic chlorides on a vacuum system followed by multiple distillation of the liquid.

Kolbe developed the idea that organic compounds could be derived from inorganic ones, directly or indirectly, by substitution processes.

This role as a sink for CO < sub > 2 </ sub > is driven by two processes, the solubility pump and the biological pump .< ref > The former is primarily a function of differential CO < sub > 2 </ sub > solubility in seawater and the thermohaline circulation, while the latter is the sum of a series of biological processes that transport carbon ( in organic and inorganic forms ) from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior.

This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling.

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent ( e. g., alcohol or chloroform ), or heat.

Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one-OH ( hydroxyl ) group is replaced by an-O-alkyl ( alkoxy ) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

Century eggs are created by placing eggs in alkaline mud ( or other alkaline substance ) resulting in their " inorganic " fermentation through raised pH instead of spoiling.

The hydrolysis of the γ phosphate of GTP into guanosine diphosphate ( GDP ) and P < sub > i </ sub >, inorganic phosphate, occurs by the S < sub > N </ sub > 2 mechanism ( see nucleophilic substitution ) via a pentavalent intermediate state and is dependent on the magnesium ion Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup >.

Many inorganic compounds are ionic compounds, consisting of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding.

Many inorganic compounds are characterized by high melting points.

When studying inorganic compounds, one often encounters parts of the different classes of inorganic chemistry ( an organometallic compound is characterized by its coordination chemistry, and may show interesting solid state properties ).

Living organisms are extremely complex functional systems that are made up of, at a minimum, many tens of thousands of genes, protein molecules, RNA molecules, small organic compounds, inorganic ions and complexes in an environment that is spatially organized by membranes and, in the case of multicellular organisms, organ systems.

Glutamine is synthesized from glutamate by glutamine synthase, which utilizes an ATP to form glutamyl phosphate ; this intermediate is attacked by ammonia as a nucleophile giving glutamine and inorganic phosphate.

More recently, driven by advances in experimental technique ( such as neutron diffraction ) and available computational power, the latter of which has enabled extremely accurate atomic-scale simulations of the behaviour of crystals, the science has branched out to consider more general problems in the fields of inorganic chemistry and solid-state physics.

Vitalism taught that these " organic " compounds were fundamentally different from the " inorganic " compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulation.

Wöhler's experiments were followed by many others, where increasingly complex " organic " substances were produced from " inorganic " ones without the involvement of any living organism.

The " C-H bond-only " rule also leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-fluorine compounds, as, for example, Teflon is considered by this rule " inorganic " but Tefzel organic.

The simplest kind found in the electron transfer chain consists of two iron atoms joined by two atoms of inorganic sulfur ; these are called clusters.

" Both terms ( in these instances ) hold that all organic and inorganic processes can be explained by reference to the laws of nature.

Whilst the perpetrator of this hoax is unknown, it is thought he sought to influence the 19th century debate on spontaneous generation — rather than panspermia — by demonstrating the transformation of inorganic to biological matter.