In the course of the 19th century similar groups were founded in a number of countries, including the " Oblates of St Charles ", established in London by Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman.

It became the expectation — rather than the exception — that those in the public eye should write about themselves — not only writers such as Charles Dickens ( who also incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels ) and Anthony Trollope, but also politicians ( e. g. Henry Brooks Adams ), philosophers ( e. g. John Stuart Mill ), churchmen such as Cardinal Newman, and entertainers such as P. T. Barnum.

The legates were received by King Sigismund and by the assembled Bishops, and the King yielded the presidency of the proceedings to the papal legates, Cardinal Dominici of Ragusa and Prince Charles of Malatesta.

During the minority of Charles V, Adrian was named to serve with Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros as co-regent of Spain.

He travelled in the suite of the Pope during the papal visit to Nice, where Paul III was promoting a truce between François I and Charles V. He then accompanied the young Cardinal Farnese on a trip to Spain, France and the Spanish Netherlands to help implement the terms of the truce.

Pius IV, however, aided by Cardinal Morone and Charles Borromeo, proved himself equal to the emergency, and by judicious management – and concession – brought the council to a termination satisfactory to the disputants and favourable to the pontifical authority.

Three national synods were held during his pontificate at Naples under Alfonso Cardinal Caraffa ( whose family had, after inquiry, been reinstated by Pius V ), at Milan under Saint Charles Borromeo, and at Machim.

He introduced many needed reforms in the administration of church affairs, and through his legate, Cardinal Albornoz, who was accompanied by Rienzi, he sought to restore order in Rome, where, in 1355, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV was crowned with his permission, after previously having made an oath that he would quit the city on the day of the ceremony.

* September 22 – Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, French church leader and pretender to the throne ( d. 1590 )

The Counter-Reformation was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures: Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico Borromeo.

* May 9 – Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon French church leader and pretender to the throne ( b. 1523 )

They proclaim the deposition of the King, and acclaim the imprisoned Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon as the rightful King of France, calling him Charles X.

Much of Catholic France, organized into the Catholic League, refused to recognize a Protestant monarch and instead recognized Henry IV's uncle, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, as king as Charles X, and the civil war continued.

** Charles Januarius Edward Acton, his uncle, Cardinal of Santa Maria della Pace

Royal Entry of Emperor Charles V, Francis I of France, and Alessandro Cardinal Farnese into Paris, Villa Farnese ( 1559 ).

For the King of Sweden, see Charles X Gustav of Sweden, for the Catholic claimant of 1589, see Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, for the Marvel character, see Professor X.

The two oldest brothers of this old noble family already had major roles during Henry II reign: Francis, Duke of Guise was one of the most famous military commander in the royal army and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine was part of the most important negotiations and matters of the kingdom.

Among her 11 siblings were Francis, Duke of Guise, Claude, Duke of Aumale, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis I, Cardinal of Guise.

It was later rebuilt by Charles I d ' Amboise from 1465 – 1475 and then finished by his son, Charles II d ' Amboise de Chaumont from 1498 – 1510, with help from his uncle, Cardinal Georges d ' Amboise ; some Renaissance features were to be seen in buildings that retained their overall medieval appearance.

His eventual heir was forced to sell Chaumont to pay his debts to a maître des requêtes ordinaire to Louis XV, Monsieur Bertin, who demolished the north wing built by Charles II d ' Amboise and the Cardinal d ' Amboise, to open the house towards the river view in the modern fashion.

* 1687 – Battle of Mohács: Charles of Lorraine defeats the Ottoman Empire.

Arnulf took advantage of the problems in West Francia upon the death of Charles The Fat to secure the territory of Lorraine, which he converted into a kingdom for his son, Zwentibold.

* Charles V, Duke of Lorraine ( 1643 – 1690 )

* 1757 – Seven Years ' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.

* 1543 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1608 )

The Austrian branch went extinct in the male person in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female person in 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II.

Count Borell of Barcelona called for Hugh's help against Islamic raids, but even if Hugh intended to help Borell, he was otherwise occupied in fighting Charles of Lorraine.

* 1780 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( b. 1712 )

* 1675 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine ( b. 1604 )

After the death of Lothair in 855, Upper and Lower Burgundy ( Arles and Provence ) passed to his third son Charles of Provence, and the remaining territory north of the Alps to his second son Lothair II, after whom the hitherto nameless territory was called Lotharingia, which name eventually evolved into the modern Lorraine.

Charles IX passed through the city at the time of his royal tour of France between 1564 and 1566, accompanied by the Court and various noblemen: his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henri de Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine.

* 1474 – 1477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine and Sigismund II of Habsburg against the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

* May 14 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine ( b. 1543 )

* April 18 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, general of the Holy Roman Empire ( b. 1643 )

* August 12 – Battle of Mohács ( 1687 ): imperial army under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine defeats the Ottoman Turks and enables Austria to conquer most of Ottoman-occupied Hungary.

* November 22 – Seven Years ' War – Battle of Breslau: An Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine defeats the Prussian army of Wilhelm of Brunswick-Bevern and forces the Austrians behind the Oder.

* February 18 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1608 )

* March 26 – Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader ( d. 1611 )

* October 3 – Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader ( b. 1554 )

* April 5 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1675 )

* April 3 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, general of the Holy Roman Empire ( d. 1690 )

* July 4 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Austrian military leader ( b. 1712 )

** Charles II, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1431 )

* January 25 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine ( b. 1364 )

* September 21 – Battle of Arques: King Henry's forces defeat the forces of the Catholic League under Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne ( younger brother of Henry I, Duke of Guise ).