* Cleopatra Thea ( c. 164 – 121 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI Philometor

* 164 BC – Cleopatra Thea Euergetis (" Benefactress "), ruler of the Seleucid kingdom from 125 BC, a daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt and his sister / wife Cleopatra II ( d. 121 BC ) ( approximate date )

** Cleopatra I Syra, queen of Egypt from 193 BC, wife of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and regent for her young son, Ptolemy VI Philometor ( b. c. 204 BC )

* Cleopatra VI of Egypt

* The new king of the Seleucid Empire, Alexander Balas, marries Cleopatra Thea, a daughter of Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt.

When Ptolemy went to Rome with Cleopatra, Cleopatra VI Tryphaena seized the crown but died shortly afterwards in suspicious circumstances.

* Cleopatra VII ( VI ) at LacusCurtius – Chapter XIII of E. R. Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923

* Cleopatra Thea Euergetis (" Benefactress "), ruler of the Seleucid kingdom from 125 BC, a daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt and his sister / wife Cleopatra II ( d. 121 BC ) ( approximate date )

* The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.

* Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister, Cleopatra II.

* Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.

* Cleopatra I Syra, queen of Egypt from 193 BC, wife of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and regent for her young son, Ptolemy VI Philometor ( b. c. 204 BC )

* Ptolemy VI Philometor, aged 6, rules as co-regent with his mother, Cleopatra I, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king, does not take King Seleucus IV's side and remains on friendly terms with Rome.

The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.

* Antiochus VI Dionysus ( 148 – 138 BC ), king of the Seleucid Empire, son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea

The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor ( 181 – 145 BC ), succeeded as an infant under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.

In 187 BC, Cleopatra I was appointed vizier and upon her husband's death in 180 BC, she ruled on behalf of her young son, Ptolemy VI.

Cleopatra II, Ptolemy VI and their brother, Ptolemy VIII, were co-rulers of Egypt from ca 171 BC to 164 BC.

Ptolemy VI was crowned in Memphis and ruled with Cleopatra II.

According to one reconstruction, he was the son of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II of Egypt, he reigned briefly with his father in 145 BC, and for a short time after that, and was murdered by his uncle, Ptolemy VIII Physcon, who succeeded him.

The final conflict was provoked by Antony, who is said to have been persuaded by his lover, the queen Cleopatra of Egypt, to retire to her land and give battle to mask his retreat ; but lack of provisions and the growing demoralization of his army would eventually account for this decision.

Octavian's fleet was commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the ships of Queen Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt.

That occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the Triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister Octavia Minor, and moved to Egypt to start a long-term romance with Cleopatra, thus becoming de facto stepfather to Caesarion.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

Octavian ( Julius Caesar's 18-year old adopted son and heir ), and Cleopatra of Egypt ( Joseph M. Horodyski, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp 58 to 63, and p. 78 ), ISSN 1524-8666.

# Alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt 642 CE, the earliest Western alchemists such as Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, and Zosimos of Panopolis described early laboratory equipment.

Cleopatra VII ( 69 – 30 BC ) was the last pharaoh of Egypt, famed lover of Mark Antony and Julius Caesar.

* Cleopatra I Syra ( c. 204 – 176 BC ), princess of the Seleucid Empire and by marriage, queen of Ptolemaic Egypt

* Cleopatra II of Egypt ( c. 185 – 116 BC ), queen ( and briefly sole ruler ) of Ptolemaic Egypt

* Cleopatra III of Egypt ( 161 – 101 BC ), queen of Egypt

* Cleopatra IV of Egypt ( c. 138 – 135 BC ), queen of Egypt

* Cleopatra V of Egypt, Egyptian Ptolemaic queen

* Berenice III of Egypt ( 120-80 BC ), queen of Egypt sometimes known as Cleopatra Berenice

* Cleopatra ( neighborhood ), in Alexandria, Egypt

Mark Antony supposedly gave Cleopatra over 200, 000 scrolls ( taken from the great Library of Pergamum ) for the library as a wedding gift, but this is regarded by some historians as a propagandist claim meant to show Antony's allegiance to Egypt rather than Rome.

As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion ( Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar ), King of Kings and King of Egypt.

# Children with the Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, the former lover of Julius Caesar:

* 30 BC – Cleopatra VII Philopator, the last ruler of the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty, commits suicide, allegedly by means of an asp bite.

In the comic book Asterix and Cleopatra, the author Goscinny inserted a pun about alexandrines: when the Druid Panoramix (" Getafix " in the English translation ) meets his Alexandrian ( Egyptian ) friend the latter exclaims Je suis, mon cher ami, || très heureux de te voir at which Panoramix observes C ' est un Alexandrin (" That's an alexandrine!

The alliance commonly known as the Second Triumvirate, renewed for a five-year term in 38 BC, broke down when Octavian came to perceive Caesarion, the son of Julius Caesar and the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII, as a major threat to his power.

Caesar then became involved with an Egyptian civil war between the child pharaoh and his sister, wife, and co-regent queen, Cleopatra.

* Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Egyptian ruler

* Cleopatra Selene ( II ), Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya ( b. 40 BC )

Lapis jewelry has been found at excavations of the Predynastic Egyptian site Naqada ( 3300 – 3100 BC ), and powdered lapis was used as eyeshadow by Cleopatra.

* February – Roman general Julius Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile.

* Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burned the Egyptian ships.

* Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

By contrast, Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented herself as the reincarnation of an Egyptian goddess, Isis.

Cleopatra originally ruled jointly with her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, and later with her brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, whom she married as per Egyptian custom, but eventually she became sole ruler.

Caesar seized the Egyptian capital and imposed himself as arbiter between the rival claims of Ptolemy and Cleopatra.

He married Cleopatra according to the Egyptian rite ( a letter quoted in Suetonius suggests this ), although he was at the time married to Octavia Minor, sister of his fellow triumvir Octavian.

The ancient sources, particularly the Roman ones, are in general agreement that Cleopatra killed herself by inducing an Egyptian cobra to bite her.

Statue of Cleopatra as Egyptian goddess ; Basalt, second half of the first century BC.

Among the later, non-indigenous Egyptian dynasties, the most notable example of another woman who became pharaoh was Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.

The two Ptolemy brothers agree to rule Egypt jointly with their sister Cleopatra II and Coele Syria is invaded by the Egyptian forces.

During the Egyptian campaign of 1798, Napoléon Bonaparte started an affair of his own with Pauline Fourès, the wife of a junior officer who became known as " Napoleon's Cleopatra.

Once again, Antony loses when Cleopatra's ships break off action and flee – his own fleet surrenders, and he denounces Cleopatra: " This foul Egyptian hath betrayed me.

While some characters fall completely into the category of Roman or Egyptian ( Octavius as Roman, Cleopatra Egyptian ) others, such as Antony, cannot chose between the two conflicting locales and cultures.