* ELIZA effect

* ELIZA effect

The ELIZA effect, in computer science, is the tendency to unconsciously assume computer behaviors are analogous to human behaviors.

In its specific form, the ELIZA effect refers only to " the susceptibility of people to read far more understanding than is warranted into strings of symbols — especially words — strung together by computers ".

More generally, the ELIZA effect describes any situation where, based solely on a system's output, users perceive computer systems as having " intrinsic qualities and abilities which the software controlling the ( output ) cannot possibly achieve " or " assume that reflect a greater causality than they actually do.

" In both its specific and general forms, the ELIZA effect is notable for occurring even when users of the system are aware of the determinate nature of output produced by the system.

From a psychological standpoint, the ELIZA effect is the result of a subtle cognitive dissonance between the user's awareness of programming limitations and their behavior towards the output of the program.

The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in artificial intelligence, demonstrating the principle of using social engineering rather than explicit programming to pass a Turing test.

The effect is named for the 1966 chatterbot ELIZA, developed by MIT computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum.

* ELIZA effect

** ELIZA effect, tendency to relate computer behavior to human behavior

# REDIRECT ELIZA effect

The examples Aarseth gives include a diverse group of texts: wall inscriptions of the temples in ancient Egypt that are connected two-dimensionally ( on one wall ) or three dimensionally ( from wall to wall or room to room ); the I Ching ; Apollinaire ’ s Calligrammes in which the words of the poem “ are spread out in several directions to form a picture on the page, with no clear sequence in which to be read ”; Marc Saporta ’ s Composition No. 1, Roman, a novel with shuffleable pages ; Raymond Queneau ’ s One Hundred Thousand Billion Poems ; B. S. Johnson ’ s The Unfortunates ; Milorad Pavic ’ s Landscape Painted with Tea ; Joseph Weizenbaum ’ s ELIZA ; Ayn Rand ’ s play Night of January 16th, in which members of the audience form a jury and choose one of two endings ; William Chamberlain and Thomas Etter ’ s Racter ; Michael Joyce ’ s Afternoon: a story ; Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle ’ s Multi-User Dungeon ( aka MUD1 ); and James Aspnes ’ s TinyMUD.

An online version of ELIZA using Pop-11 is available at Birmingham.

* Ecala ( 1973 ) — Improved version of the ELIZA computer conversation program.

* Ronald Munson used an epistolary style in " Fan Mail " ( 1994 ), where the entire plot is told using e-mails, letters, transcripts of television shows and telephone conversations, faxes, and interactions with a computer program called ELIZA.

Example of ELIZA in GNU Emacs | Emacs.

ELIZA is a computer program and an early example of primitive natural language processing.

ELIZA operated by processing users ' responses to scripts, the most famous of which was DOCTOR, a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist.

ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966.

" ELIZA was implemented using simple pattern matching techniques, but was taken seriously by several of its users, even after Weizenbaum explained to them how it worked.

Weizenbaum said that ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, provided a " parody " of " the responses of a nondirectional psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview.

ELIZA was named after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, who is taught to speak with an upper-class accent.

First implemented in Weizenbaum's own SLIP list-processing language, ELIZA worked by simple parsing and substitution of key words into canned phrases.

Although those programs included years of research and work, ELIZA remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion ( however brief ) of human-human interaction.

ELIZA had an impact on a number of early computer games by demonstrating additional kinds of interface designs.

It is likely that ELIZA was also on the system where Will Crowther created Colossal Cave ( Adventure ), the 1975 game that spawned the interactive fiction genre.

Both these games appeared some nine years after the original ELIZA.

Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear in people's minds his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of the human being and any life form for that matter.

In the independent documentary film Plug & Pray ( 2010 ) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.

He conducted several conversations with an APL implementation of ELIZA and published them-in English, and in his own translation to Hebrew-under the title My Electronic Psychiatrist-Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer.

There are many programs based on ELIZA in different programming languages.

Other versions adapted ELIZA around a religious theme, such as ones featuring Jesus ( both serious and comedic ) and another Apple II variant called I Am Buddha.

Rebel at work-Peter Haas, Silvia Holzinger, Documentary film with Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA.

It had drawn them together, and since his release from prison Dill had worked tirelessly to effect this night's escape.

By now he was undergoing a fresh torrent of abuse from Tory papers and pamphlets, and action was being taken to effect his punishment by expulsion from Parliament.

In this domain the simple fact of coexistence in the same local, national, and world community is enough to guarantee that we cannot refrain from having some effect, large or small, upon Gentile-Jewish relations.

This is not to deny the existence of pogroms and ghettos, but only to assert that these horrors have had an effect on the nerves of people who did not experience them, that among the various side effects is the local hysteria of Jewish writers and intellectuals who cry out from confusion, which they call oppression and pain.

Since the Connally amendment has the effect of giving the same right to the other party to a dispute with the United States, it also prevents us from using the court effectively.

The effect of Chou En-lai's clash with Khrushchev, together with the everlasting attacks on Molotov & Co., has shifted the whole attention of the world, including that of the Soviet people, from the `` epoch-making '' twenty-year program to the present Soviet-Chinese conflict.

Another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling the nitrogen dissociation region are present.

The deposit of rupees to the account of the Government of the United States of America in payment for the commodities and for ocean transportation costs financed by the Government of the United States of America ( except excess costs resulting from the requirement that United States flag vessels be used ) shall be made at the rate of exchange for United States dollars generally applicable to import transactions ( excluding imports granted a preferential rate ) in effect on the dates of dollar disbursement by United States banks, or by the Government of the United States of America, as provided in the purchase authorizations.

The effect of the recording is very open and natural, with the frequency emphasis exactly what you would expect from a live performance.

Some 80 reaction tubes from 13 manifold fillings were illuminated in the temperature range from 40 to 85-degrees in a further endeavor to determine the cause of the irreproducibility and to obtain information on the activation energy and the effect of light intensity.

This explains the beneficial effect of electroshock therapy in certain depressions and a shift in the reaction from hypo- to normal reactivity of the sympathetic system as shown by the Mecholyl test.

These changes represent, in effect, a shift from ( 1 ) an administrative compilation of data obtained through procedures designed primarily to serve political and economic objectives to ( 2 ) a systematic sampling census of the whole African population.

She ascribed her delight with both experiences to the effect they seemed to have of temporarily removing from her the controls which she felt so compulsively necessary to maintain even when it might seem appropriate to relax these controls.

In order to focus clearly upon the operation of this one force, which we may call the effect of `` public-limit pricing '' on `` key '' wage bargains, we deliberately simplify the model by abstracting from other forces, such as union power, which may be relevant in an actual situation.

We assume further that the union recognizes the possibility that price-level increases may offset wage-rate increases, and it does not entirely disregard the effect of price increases arising from its own wage increases upon the `` real '' wage rate.

The effect is that the platform returns from an off-level position at a rapid rate until it is nearly level, at which point the platform is controlled by a proportional servo with low enough frequency response so that the noise has little effect on the leveling process.

`` These actions should serve to protect in fact and in effect the court's wards from undue costs and its appointed and elected servants from unmeritorious criticisms '', the jury said.

One effect of the proposal, which puts a premium on population instead of economic strength, as in the past, would be to take jobs from European nations and give more to such countries as India.

Davis may use the tax bill as a means to effect a transition from special sessions of the Legislature to normalcy.

The unsatisfactory 1958-60 expansion, he said, was not due to inadequate growth forces inherent in our economy but rather to the adverse effect of inappropriate economic policies combined with retrenching decisions resulting from the steel strike.

they had orders to that effect straight from President Kennedy, who thought at first, as did most others, that it was four followers of Cuba's Fidel Castro who had taken over the 707.