Following the Finnish War in 1809, Sweden ceded its eastmost provinces to the Russian Empire.

On the Finnish side, there was a Province of Lapland until 2010, when Finnish provinces were discontinued, and the province was replaced by the Region of Lapland.

The state of Finland comprised six provinces ( Finnish: läänit, Swedish: län ) between the years 1997 and 2009.

The Finnish provinces were ceded to Imperial Russia in the War of Finland in 1809.

The län subdivision does not always match the traditional provinces, which are called landskap ( singular and plural ) in Swedish ( including Swedish-speaking Finland ) and maakunnat ( singular maakunta ) in Finnish.

Supported by Germany to enable a Finnish sovereign state, it was one of many means by which Germany intended to weaken Russia and to cause Russia's loss of western provinces and dependencies.

Most of the Finnish immigrants were from the provinces of Savonia, Tavastia and Ostrobothnia, and the grammar also reflected those dialects.

After Finland had been occupied by Russia in the Finnish War, parts of the ceded provinces ( Old Finland ) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland.

The Finnish provinces were ceded to Imperial Russia in the War of Finland in 1809.

This famous site, called Kuhankuono in Finnish, is also a pre-historical border mark between Finland Proper and the other Finnish provinces.

The border between the provinces runs roughly along Skiftet ( Kihti in Finnish ), a relatively open sea area.

* 6 Regional State Administrative Agencies ( Finnish alue, Swedish region ; namely Etelä-Suomi, Itä-Suomi, Lounais-Suomi, Länsi-ja Sisä-Suomi, Pohjois-Suomi, Lappi ) plus Åland – replacing the old division of six provinces

The Danish and Norwegian alphabets end with æ — ø — å, whereas the Swedish, Finnish and Estonian ones conventionally put å — ä — ö at the end.

Both Finnish and Soviet troops at the Finnish front dug to defensive positions, and the front remains stable until the end of the war.

His reputation grew in the USA following the critical reception of his design for the Finnish Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, described by Frank Lloyd Wright as a " work of genius ".

* 1939: Finnish Pavilion, at the 1939 New York World's Fair

Colonel Kari Renko, an engineer at the Finnish Air Force, was quoted by Helsingin Sanomat as saying about this failure, " The problem involves the rocket engines which have been in use for decades " and that Finland first was told of the problems by the Americans about two years ago.

In Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and Finnish, besides the ordinal naming of centuries another system is often used based on the hundreds part of the year, and consequently centuries start at even multiples of 100.

Finns enjoy individual and political freedoms, and suffrage is universal at 18 ; Finnish women became the first in the world to have unrestricted rights both to vote and to stand for parliament.

Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases, the number of women studying at the university level, for example, were slightly ahead of the number of men.

* 1808 – Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish war, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country ( i. e. Finland ) to Russia.

Controlling the Finnish area would allow the German army to enter Russia at Petrograd and to penetrate northeast, towards the Kola Peninsula, an area rich with raw materials for the mining industry.

The Finnish labour movement, which emerged at the end of the 19th century from folk, temperance, and religious movements, as well as fennomania, had a Finnish nationalist, working-class character, and was represented by the Social Democratic Party, established in 1899.

On the other side, due to at least a century-long tradition and experience of administrative leadership, the Finnish elite saw itself as the inherent natural power in the Grand Duchy.

The blow of World War I hit the Finnish people and the nation, which, at the beginning of the 20th century, stood at the crossroads between the old regime of the estates and the evolution of a modern, democratic society.

The Finnish Civil War would probably have started at that point had there been enough weapons in the country to arm the two sides ; instead, there began a race for weapons and a final escalation towards war.

In the Finnish case, chaotic conditions, particularly at the beginning of the war, provided an additional reason for the use of child soldiers ; military leaders took whoever they could get their hands on, and in the Red Guards there was also the chance of a salary.

Finnish nationalists leaning on Germanism had been seeking German aid in freeing Finland from Russian hegemony since Autumn 1917, but the Germans did not want to prejudice their armistice and peace negotiations with Russia because of the pressure they were facing at the Western front.

The final blow to the cause of the Finnish Reds was dealt when the Bolsheviks broke off the peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, leading to the German eastern offensive in February 1918.

* Finnish historical documents at WikiSource

Finnish folklorist Kaarle Krohn proposes that 20 of the 45 poems of The Kalevala are of possible Ancient Estonian origin or they at least deal with a motif of Estonian origin ( of the remainder, two are Ingrian and 23 are Western Finnish ).

* A broken tetrameter ( Finnish: murrelmasäe ) has at least one stressed syllable in a falling position.

The Finnish State Railroad is planning to phase out the Soviet-manufactured VR Class Sr1 engines, operative since 1973, in 2024, at which time they will have been over fifty years in line service.

* 1945 – World War II: German troops are finally expelled from Finnish Lapland.

After World War I, both Finland and Sweden laid claim to the islands, which are culturally more Swedish than Finnish.

Studies of Finnish mobility patterns since World War II have confirmed the significance of this exodus.

Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest.

The Finnish Civil War (; ) was a part of the national, political and social turmoil caused by World War I ( 1914 – 1918 ) in Europe.

The conservative Finnish Senate attempted to establish a Finnish monarchy ruled by the House of Hesse ; after the defeat of Germany in the World War I, however, the Finnish interregnum of 1917-1919 ceased and Finland emerged as an independent, democratic republic, with a modernizing civil society.

The shift to the peaceful development of Finnish society was facilitated by the outcome of World War I, the marked post-war economic progress and recovery, and by the pre-1918 cultural and national unity of the majority of the nation.

The main factors behind the Finnish Civil War were World War I, the collapse of the Russian Empire, and the February and October Revolutions of 1917.

During World War I and the rise of Germanism, the ( Svecomans ) began covert collaboration with Imperial Germany, and from 1915 – 1917 a " Jäger " ( Jääkärit ) battalion consisting of 1, 900 Finnish volunteers was trained in Germany.

Like other European nations, Sweden tried to protect and promote its national interests during the Finnish Civil War and World War I.

Although Finnish wages and standard of living could not compete with wealthy Sweden until the 1970s, the Finnish economy rose remarkably from the ashes of World War II, resulting in the buildup of another Nordic-style welfare state.

* 1944 – World War II: the Soviet Union invades East Karelia and the previously Finnish part of Karelia, occupied by Finland since 1941.

Also popular among the international performing arts community in Europe, a group of Finnish producers organized an international karaoke competition called KWC ( Karaoke World Championships ).

After World War II, Finland lost the Karelia region to the USSR, and all Finnish citizens were evacuated from the ceded territory.

During the second russification period, at the start of the First World War, the Dowager Empress, travelling by her special train through Finland to Saint Petersburg, expressed her continued disapprobation for the russification of Finland by having an orchestra of a welcoming committee to play the March of the Pori Regiment and the Finnish national anthem " Maamme ", which at the time were under the explicit ban from Franz Albert Seyn, the Governor-General of Finland.

Russia lost its Ukrainian, Polish, Baltic, and Finnish territories by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers in World War I.

Before World War II, Tallinn Airport had regular connections to abroad by at least Deutsche Luft Hansa, LOT and the Finnish company Aero ( now Finnair ).

Notable members of the Industrial Workers of the World have included Lucy Parsons ; Helen Keller ; Joe Hill ; Ralph Chaplin ; Ricardo Flores Magon ; James P. Cannon ; James Connolly ; Jim Larkin ; Paul Mattick ; Big Bill Haywood ; Eugene Debs ; David Dellinger ; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn ; Sam Dolgoff, Monty Miller ; Indian Nationalist Lala Hardayal ; Frank Little ; ACLU founder Roger Nash Baldwin ; Harry Bridges, briefly, later helped form ILWU ; Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson ; Buddhist beat poet Gary Snyder ; Fredy Perlman ; Australian poets Harry Hooton and Lesbia Harford ; graphic artist Carlos Cortez ; artist Kevin McCoy ; counterculture icon Kenneth Rexroth ; Surrealist Franklin Rosemont ; Rosie Kane and Carolyn Leckie, former Members of the Scottish Parliament ; labor and environmental organizer Judi Bari ; folk musicians Utah Phillips, Harry McClintock, Anne Feeney, and David Rovics ; crime writer Jim Thompson ; Finnish folk music legend Hiski Salomaa ; Catholic Workers Dorothy Day and Ammon Hennacy.

Pea soup with pancakes is, with few exceptions, served ( either for lunch or dinner ) every Thursday in the Swedish Armed Forces and the Finnish Defense Forces – a tradition dating back to World War II.

However, the Finnish government refused, because Finland saw its war as a " separate war " from the Second World War, and it saw its objectives as different from those of Nazi Germany.