In 1789, French nobleman and scientific researcher Antoine Lavoisier discovered the law of conservation of mass and defined an element as a basic substance that could not be further broken down by the methods of chemistry.

Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism, showing the harmony between his law and French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb ’ s law of magnetic action.

Joan was the only surviving child and heiress of Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, and Marquis of Provence, so under Provençal and French law, the lands should have gone to her nearest male relative.

Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque Country of France and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law.

Under French law ( the Toubon Law ), it is illegal for commercial signage to be in Breton alone ; it must be bilingual or else in French alone.

For example, the Napoleonic code expressly forbade French judges from pronouncing general principles of law.

" In this way, the common law was eventually incorporated into the legal systems of every state except Louisiana ( which inherited a civil law system from its French colonizers before the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, adopting a code similar to but not directly based on the Napoleonic Code of 1804 ).

Quebec was settled as a French colony, and originally operated under the French civil law system, using the coûtume de Paris.

However, in 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which restored the French civil law for matters of private law ( e. g., contracts, property, successions ), while keeping the English common law as the basis for public law in the colony, notably the criminal law.

These principles derive ultimately from Roman law, transmitted through Spanish and French law, as the state's current territory intersects the area of North America colonized by Spain and by France.

The Macao, a lemur found only on Mahoré, is protected by French law and by local tradition.

Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure, for example all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin.

Under French law, an association can represent the collective interests of consumers ; however, each claimant must be individually named in the lawsuit.

* French group, under which they also included the countries that codified their law either in 19th or in the first half of the 20th century, using the Napoleonic code civil of year 1804 as a model ; this includes countries and jurisdictions such as Italy, Portugal, Spain, Louisiana, states of South America ( such as Brazil ), Quebec, Santa Lucia, Romania, the Ionian Islands, Egypt, and Lebanon

The Constitution of Canada ( La Constitution du Canada in French ) is the supreme law in Canada ; the country's constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions and conventions.

A number of French horsemen, recognising the Duke, came surging towards his party.

Joliot-Curies were given memberships to the French Légion d ' honneur ; Irène as an officer and Frédéric as a commissioner, recognising his earlier work for the resistance.

Louis XI, recognising the danger Margaret posed to him, attempted to buy her off with a French pension and a promise of personally protecting her ; she contemptuously refused, and instead sailed in summer 1480 to London, where she negotiated a resumption of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance, and renewed trade.

Belatedly recognising the dangers of strategic dependence, he sought a new role for Britain in Europe, but his unwillingness to disclose United States nuclear secrets to France contributed to a French veto of the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community.

What might be historically the first law recognising a Right of Return was enacted in France in 1790, as part of the French Revolution putting a decisive end to the centuries-long persecution and discrimination of Huguenots ( French Protestants ).

Having studied the geography of Northern France, and attended the manoeuvres of the French cavalry, Allenby highlighted the importance of the cavalry in retreat, recognising its ability to provide cover for the withdrawing infantry.

Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis.

Under French pressure Monaco passed a law in 1911 recognising Louis's illegitimate daughter, Charlotte, as heir ; she was adopted in 1918 by her grandfather Prince Albert I. Wilhelm was relegated to third in line to Monaco's throne, behind Louis and Charlotte.

On 15 December Fox advocated recognising the French Republic and Fitzwilliam resisted pressure from conservative Whig MPs to split from Fox, supporting the Duke of Portland's attempts to keep the party together.

The French Press was also largely supportive of Bernard, while recognising that Bernard was a flamboyant character ( Le Monde 2 May 2004 ).

Louis Althusser, the French Structuralist Marxist, criticises Marxist Humanists for not recognising the dichotomy between ' Young Marx ' and ' Mature Marx '.

Although he used the usual French terms " avant J .- C ." ( before Jesus Christ ) and " après J .- C ." ( after Jesus Christ ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years ( identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table, possibly to save space, without a year 0 between them.

An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.

These ties, together with his ascetic manner and appearance ( a positive advantage to him at the sombre court of Leopold I ), ensured the refugee from the hated French king a warm welcome at Passau, and a position in Imperial service.

* 2005 – The controversial French law on colonialism is passed, requiring teachers to teach the " positive values of colonialism ".

After due consideration, the French government has given a " positive response ".

In mathematics, a Mersenne number, named after Marin Mersenne ( a French monk who began the study of these numbers in the early 17th century ), is a positive integer that is one less than a power of two:

On 23 February 2005, the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) conservative majority at the French National Assembly voted a law compelling history textbooks and teachers to " acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in North Africa ".

He then decreed to the President of the Assembly, Jean-Louis Debré ( UMP ), that he delete the revisionist article of law ordering the " recognition of the positive role of the French presence abroad ".

However, incompatibility had started with the earlier decision to unusually adopt positive video modulation for French broadcast signals.

The European Music Office's report on Music in Europe claimed that the French language was well-suited for rapping, and that MC Solaar's popularity came about " probably because of his very open and positive attitude, his strong literary talents and humour ".

The group IAM spreads positive messages about Islam and tolerance, a philosophy revealed by the group's multi-ethnic make-up including members that are " Madagascaran, Senegalese, Algerian, Spanish, and Italian plus one white French Native ".

Sociolinguistic studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s showed that Quebecers generally rated speakers of European French heard in recordings higher than speakers of Quebec French in many positive traits, including expected intelligence, education, ambition, friendliness and physical strength.

This was first formalized by the 16th century French mathematician François Viète, in Viète's formulas, for the case of positive real roots.

In the opinion of the 18th century British mathematician Charles Hutton, the expression of coefficients of a polynomial in terms of the roots ( not only for positive roots ) was first understood by the 17th century French mathematician Albert Girard ; Hutton writes:

Both are aware that their time is past, but their reaction to this reality diverges: de Boeldieu accepts the fate of the aristocracy as a positive improvement, but von Rauffenstein does not, lamenting what he sarcastically calls the " charming legacy of the French Revolution ".

Coupled with the power vacuum left by the decline of British and French power in the region after the US protested against the conduct of their allies during the Suez War, Eisenhower felt that a strong position needed to better the situation was further complicated by the positions taken by Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was rapidly building a power base and using it to play the Soviets and Americans against each other, taking a position of " positive neutrality " and accepting aid from the Soviets.

One positive result of the experience was that the French star Juliette Gréco requested to sing one of Brel's songs, " Là va le diable " ( There goes the devil ), at her upcoming concert at the prestigious Olympia music-hall.

The French are often perceived as taking a great pride in national identity and the positive achievements of France ( the expression " chauvinism " is of French origin ) and cultural issues are more integrated in the body of the politics than elsewhere ( see " The Role of the State ", below ).

Here Gawain partly retains the negative characteristics attributed to him by the later French, and partly retains his earlier positive representations, creating a character seen by some as inconsistent, and by others as a believably flawed hero.

Strongly influenced by the Utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French Revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences.

In a letter addressed to the French rabbis, he draws attention to the virtues of Maimonides and holds that Maimonides ' Mishne Torah – his Code of Jewish Law – not only shows no leniency in interpreting prohibitions within Jewish law, but may even be seen as more stringent, which in Nahmanides ' eyes was a positive factor.