The most widely spoken Afroasiatic language is Arabic ( including all its colloquial varieties ), with 230 million native speakers, spoken mostly in the Middle East and North Africa.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

) While Rotokas has a small alphabet because it has few phonemes to represent ( just eleven ), Book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been conflated — that is, the graphic distinctions had been lost over time, and diacritics were not developed to compensate for this as they were in Arabic, another script that lost many of its distinct letter shapes.

Adobe (, ; Arabic: الطوب ) is a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material ( sticks, straw, and / or manure ), which the builders shape into bricks ( using frames ) and dry in the sun.

For instance, according to Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, the Arabic root ( to sacrifice ) can be derived the forms ( he sacrificed ), ( you ( masculine singular ) sacrificed ), ( he slaughtered ), ( he slaughters ), and ( slaughterhouse ).

The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is bay ' at ( Arabic: بيعة ), which means " taking hand ".

Abdul is a common Arabic name component ( but never a name by itself ; additionally the ending-ul and the beginning Al-are redundant ), but Alhazred may allude to Hazard, a pun on the book's destructive and dangerous nature, or a reference to Lovecraft's ancestors by that name.

They generally have other terms specific to U. S. nationals, such as German US-Amerikaner, French étatsunien, Japanese 米国人 beikokujin, Arabic أمريكاني amriikaanii ( as opposed to the more-common أمريكي amriikii ), and Italian statunitense, but these may be less common than the term American.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

), Anatho ( Isidore Charax ), Anatha ( Ammianus Marcellinus ) by Greek and Latin writers in the early Christian centuries, Ana ( sometimes, as if plural, Anat ) by Arabic writers.

In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant ( 2008 ), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen.

* History of Arabic language ( 1894 ), Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

The luffa, loofah, or lufah ( from Arabic ليفة līfah ) are tropical and subtropical vines comprising the genus Luffa, the only genus of the subtribe Luffinae of the plant family Cucurbitaceae.

The Arabic and French transcriptions of the text are reproduced unchanged ; in the latter, r ' represents a voiced uvular fricative, kh a voiceless uvular fricative, ch represents English sh, ou represents / u / or / w /, i represents / i / or / j /, and e represents schwa.

When the dried herb is moistened with olive oil, the spread is known as za ' atar-wu-zayt or zeit ou za ' atar ( zeit or zayt, meaning " oil " in Arabic and " olive " in Hebrew ).

Ezekiel (;, Y ' ḥez ' qel, ), Arabic :< font size = 2 > حزقيال </ font > Hazqiyal, ' God will strengthen ' ( from, ḥazaq,, literally ' to fasten upon ,' figuratively ' strong ,' and, el,, literally ' God ', and so figuratively ' The Almighty ') is the central protagonist of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible.

The name El Cid () comes from the article el ( which means " the " in both Spanish and Arabic ), and the dialectal Arabic word سيد sîdi or sayyid, which means " Lord " or " The Master ".

The Welsh word for honeymoon is mis mêl, which translates as " honey month ", and similarly the Ukrainian ( Медовий місяць ), Polish ( miesiąc miodowy ), Russian ( Медовый месяц ), Arabic ( شهر العسل shahr el ' assal ), Greek ( μήνας του μέλιτος ) and Hebrew ( ירח דבש yerach d ' vash ) versions.

Indeed, Oum Koulthoum, a legend of Arabic music, has sung one of those poems and made her song " robaaiyet el khayam " become one of her most beautiful songs.

The Bab-el-Mandeb ( variously transliterated Mandab or Mandib, and with article " el -" given also as " al -", with or without connecting dashes ) meaning " Gate of Grief " in Arabic ( باب المندب ), is a strait located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, Djibouti and Eritrea, north of Somalia, in the Horn of Africa, and connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.

The Darb el Hajj or " Pilgrim's Road ", from Africa through Egypt to Mecca, passed out of Sinai from the west at Umm Al-Rashrash, Arabic name for Eilat, before skirting the sea and continuing south into Arabia.

As in many other ( but not all ) Arabic star names, the article ال is transliterated literally as el, despite the fact that in Arabic pronunciation it is assimilated to the following n ; it can also be omitted: Nath.

At the peak of her career, in 1950, Umm Kulthum sang Sombati's composition of excerpts of what Ahmad Rami considered the accomplishment of his career: the translation into classical Arabic of Omar Khayyám's quartets ( Rubayyiat el Khayyam ).

The terms " safaina " ( Greek, meaning " manifest ," " to be clearly seen ") and " el safin " ( Arabic, meaning " hidden / concealed ") have both been claimed as the origin for the word " saphenous.

" but this may be a confusion with Jabal el Sheikh, the Arabic name for Mount Hermon.

The modern Arabic name for the castle is Qalaat el Hosn, which translates as " stronghold castle "; this derives from the name of an earlier fortification on the site called Hisn el Akrad, meaning " stronghold of the Kurds ".

Producer Pat Jabbar from Basel established his own record company Barraka el Farnatshi in the late eighties ; dedicated to music from the Arabic world ( especially Morocco ) mixed with dance music from the west.

Rachid Taha, an Algerian singer based in France closely connected to The Clash, recorded " Rock el Casbah " in Arabic.

* TRT el Türkiye ( launched April 2010 )-Broadcasts 24 hours a day in Arabic language with programs aimed at Arabs in Turkey, as well as the wider Arab world and Middle East.

Ancient cognate equivalents for the word " God " include proto-Semitic el, Hebrew elohim ( God or / of gods ), Arabic ' ilah ( a or the God ), and Biblical Aramaic Elaha ( God ).

Transliterations from Arabic to English may vary ; in particular, the article " al " is sometimes transliterated as " el ".

Ksar el Kebir ( Arabic, القصر الكبير ) is a city in northwest of Morocco with 110, 000 inhabitants, about 160 km from Rabat, 32 km from Larache and 110 km from Tangier.

* Qabs el Mosbah-poems translated into Arabic ( 1978 )

Woman at Point Zero ( Emra ' a enda noktat el sifr ) is a novel by Nawal El Saadawi published in Arabic in 1975.

Afrikaans ( af ), Akan ( ak ), Albanian ( sq ), Arabic ( ar ), Armenian ( hy ), Assamese ( as ), Asturian ( ast ), Basque ( eu ), Belarusian ( be ), Bengali ( India and Bangladesh ) ( bn ), Bosnian ( bs ), Breton ( br ), Bulgarian ( bg ), Catalan ( ca ), Chinese ( Simplified and Traditional ) ( zh ), Croatian ( hr ), Czech ( cs ), Danish ( da ), Dutch ( nl ), English ( Britain, South Africa, and US ) ( en ), Esperanto ( eo ), Estonian ( et ), Finnish ( fi ), Fula ( ff ), French ( fr ), Frisian ( fy ), Friulian ( fur ) < sup id =" fn_1_back "> 1 </ sup >, Gaelic ( gd ), Galician ( gl ), Georgian ( ka ), German ( de ), Greek ( el ), Gujarati ( gu ), Hebrew ( he ), Hindi ( hi ), Hungarian ( hu ), Icelandic ( is ), Indonesian ( id ), Irish ( ga ), Italian ( it ), Japanese ( ja ), Kannada ( kn ), Kashubian ( csb ), Khmer ( km ), Kazakh ( kk ), Korean ( ko ), Kurdish ( ku ), Latvian ( lv ), Ligurian ( lig ), Lithuanian ( lt ), Luganda ( lg ), Macedonian ( mk ), Maithili ( mai ), Malayalam ( ml ), Marathi ( mr ), Northern Sotho ( nso ), Mongolian ( mn ) < sup id =" fn_2_back "> 2 </ sup >, Norwegian ( Bokmål ) ( no ), Norwegian ( Nynorsk ) ( nn ), Occitan ( oc ), Oriya ( or ), Persian ( fa ), Polish ( pl ), Portuguese ( Brazil and Portugal ) ( pt ), Punjabi ( pa ), Romanian ( ro ), Romansh ( rm ), Russian ( ru ), Serbian ( sr ), Sinhala ( si ), Slovak ( sk ), Slovenian ( sl ), Songhai ( son ), Spanish ( Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Spain ) ( es ), Swedish ( sv ), Tamil ( ta ), Tamil ( Sri Lanka ) ( ta ), Tatar ( tt ) < sup id =" fn_1_back "> 1 </ sup >, Telugu ( te ), Thai ( th ), Turkish ( tr ), Ukrainian ( uk ), Vietnamese ( vi ), Welsh ( cy ), Zulu ( zu )

Middle Egyptian was spoken from about 2000 BC for a further 700 years when Late Egyptian made its appearance ; Middle Egyptian did, however, survive until the first few centuries AD as a written language, similar to the use of Latin during the Middle Ages and that of Classical Arabic today.

It possesses about 3500 volumes, almost 800 manuscripts, about 200 lithographs in Arabic and Persian and about 700 rare and early Armenian books-most of which were donated by Dr Caro Minasian.

The Arabic version of Aristotle ’ s Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dated to sometime prior to the year 700.

At the beginning of the war in 1975 the different LNM militias were grouped into a military wing, designated the " Common Forces " ( Arabic: القوات المشتركة, Al-Quwwat al-Mushtaraka ), but best known as " Joint Forces " ( LNM-JF ), which numbered some 18, 700 militiamen ( not including allied Palestinian factions ).

GMS, as it is known by its students, houses an enrollment of nearly 700 Grade 7 and 8 students, representing over 20 countries and languages, including Romanian, Serbian, Senegalise, Russian, Persian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Antarctican, Spanish, Polish, Bangali, Arabic, Algerian, Somali and Tamil.

By contrast, the cursive developed out of the Nabataean alphabet in the same period soon became the standard for writing Arabic, evolving into the Arabic alphabet as it stood by the time of the early spread of Islam.

Since it reflects spoken language, it does not use the positional system as in Arabic numerals, in the same way that spelling out numbers in English does not.

The Emperor pressured Eritrea ’ s elected chief executive to resign, made Amharic the official language in place of Arabic and Tigrinya, terminated the use of the Eritrean flag, imposed censorship, and moved many businesses out of Eritrea.

On the other hand, there have also been attempts to use a common-language mass media to reach out to a large, geographically dispersed population, such as in the use of Arabic language by news channel Al Jazeera.

Six out of the thirteen books of Diophantus's Arithmetica survive in the original Greek ; four more books survive in an Arabic translation.

According to the Qur ' an, Iblis ( the Arabic name used ) disobeyed an order from Allah to bow to Adam and as a result was forced out of heaven and given respite until the day of judgment from further punishment.

When she opens it and sees the ring, joy conquers her, and out of happiness she chants this poem ( Arabic ):

It has also been pointed out that the concepts of " finding ", " music ", " love ", and " ardour "— the precise semantic field attached to the word troubadour — are allied in Arabic under a single root ( WJD ) that plays a major role in Sufic discussions of music, and that the word troubadour may in part reflect this.

# Arabic ( also Arabist or Hispano-Arabic ) Referring to the songs of the troubadours, Ezra Pound wrote in his Canto VIII that William of Aquitaine " had brought the song up out of Spain / with the singers and viels ".

An interesting feature of tables play in some Arab countries is that Persian or Kurdish numbers, rather than Arabic ones, are called out by a player announcing his dice rolls.

The term is derived from an Arabic word meaning to ' call out ' or to ' summon ', and Muslims regard this as a profound act of worship.

Despite the U. S. support for the mujahideen in Afghanistan, Abdel-Rahman was deeply anti-American and spoke out against it, safe in the knowledge that he was speaking Arabic and unmonitored by any law enforcement agency.

The historian Joseph Needham is open to the possibility but doubts that Arabic ships at the time would have been able to withstand a return journey over such a long distance across the Atlantic Ocean and points out that a return journey would have been impossible without knowledge of prevailing winds and currents.

* D-abu-djhes ( Arabic Id-ab-lahsen ): 5000 out of 5000

Niebuhr studied mathematics for a year and a half before the expedition set out, and also managed to acquire some knowledge of Arabic.

After studying Arabic in London, he set out on his travels in 1845.

the earliest date is put around the 14th century where a copperplate inscription of Parakarama Bahu IV ( 1302-1326 ) refers to two persons who were declared exempt from certain taxes which included " gun licenses ". http :// www. island. lk / index. php? page_cat = article-details & page = article-details & code_title = 22207 many also believe that it was the Portuguese who first brought over actual muskets during their invasion of the Sri Lankan Coastline and low lands in 1505 as they regularly used short barrelled matchlocks during combat, however, P. E. P. Deraniyagala points out that the Sinhala term for gun, ‘ bondikula ’ matches the Arabic term for gun, ‘ bunduk .’ Also that certain technical aspects of the early Sinhalese matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East, thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new to the island by the time the Portuguese came, but it was only in a short matter of time that native Sri Lankan kingdoms, most notably the kingdom of Sitawaka and the Kandyan Kingdom where Sinhalese muskets with a unique bifurcated stock, longer barrel and smaller calibre, which made it more efficient in driving out the energy from the gunpowder, where manufactured by the hundreds and mastered by soldiers to the point where according to the Portuguese invader, Queyroz, they could " fire at night to put out a match " and " by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets " and " send as many on the same spot in the target.

The Arabic version avoids the issue entirely by having Riddle directly write out, " I am Lord Voldemort " ( أنا لورد فولدمورت ).

The use of the word for " rising " to refer to the east ( where the sun rises ) has analogs from many languages: compare the terms " Levant " (< French levant " rising "), " Vostok " (< Russian voskhod " sunrise "), " Anatolia " (< Greek anatole ), " mizrahi " in Hebrew (" zriha " meaning sunrise ), " sharq " (< Arabic " rise ", " rising "), " shygys " (< Kazakh shygu " come out "), (, a pictograph of the sun rising behind a tree ) and " The Land of the Rising Sun " to refer to Japan.

The name is probably an Uyghur borrowing of Arabic tark, " to leave alone / out / behind, relinquish, abandon " + makan, " place ".