* 1889 – Arnold Joseph Toynbee, English historian ( d. 1975 )

There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen ( active 1290 – 1333 ) with his Nong Shu of 1313, and the written Tiangong Kaiwu of Song Yingxing ( 1587 – 1666 ), the latter of whom was termed the " Diderot of China " by British historian Joseph Needham.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

* With reference to Gibbon's comments, Joseph Barber Lightfoot ( late 19th century theologian and former Bishop of Durham ) pointed out that Eusebius ' statements indicate his honesty in stating what he was not going to discuss, and also his limitations as a historian in not including such material.

* 1906 – Joseph Schull, Canadian playwright and historian ( d. 1980 )

Some Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( who did not formally join the new group ) formed the separate Old Catholic Church in protest.

The British historian Joseph Needham and the American historian Robert Temple write that the practice of inoculation for smallpox began in China during the 10th century.

Titus Flavius Josephus ( 37 – 100 ), also called Joseph ben Matityahu ( Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu ), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem-then part of Roman Judea-to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry.

For anarchist historian George Woodcock " Although ( Pierre Joseph ) Proudhon was the first writer to call himself an anarchist, at least two predecessors outlined systems that contain all the basic elements of anarchism.

Russian historian Yury Zhukov stated that Nikolai Bukarin's portraits of Joseph Stalin were the only ones drawn from the original, not from a photograph.

The most notable leader of the movement, though maintaining a certain distance from the Old Catholic Church as an institution, was the renowned church historian and priest Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( 1799 – 1890 ), who had been excommunicated by the pope because of his support for the affair.

The completed film ultimately benefited from the decision, as film historian Joseph Maddrey describes the black-and-white filming as " guerrilla-style ", resembling " the unflinching authority of a wartime newsreel ".

As a result of the efforts of historian Joseph Wulf, the Wannsee House, where the conference was held, is now a Holocaust Memorial.

" Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes " an ethos of organized activity " at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News .< ref >

* December 20 – Joseph ha-Kohen, historian and physician ( d. 1575 )

Joseph Tracy, the minister, historian, and preacher who gave this religious phenomenon its name in his influential 1842 book The Great Awakening, saw the First Great Awakening as a precursor to the American Revolution.

Cardinal Caesar Baronius, the Vatican Librarian and historian ( d. 1609 ), recorded this voyage by Joseph of Arimathea, Lazarus, Mary Magdalene, Martha, Marcella and others in his Annales Ecclesiastici, volume 1, section 35.

In Germany, the Catholic theologian and church historian Joseph Schnitzer edited and published contemporary sources which illuminated Savonarola ’ s career.

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, for example, began in 1972 as a Festschrift to commemorate the 75th birthday of Joseph Vogt, a German classical historian.

: This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee ; for his uncle, the economic historian Arnold Toynbee, see Arnold Toynbee.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH ( 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975 ) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934 – 1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering and decline, which examined history from a global perspective.

Toynbee was the son of Harry Valpy Toynbee, grandson of Joseph Toynbee, and nephew of the economic historian Arnold Toynbee ( 1852 – 1883 ), with whom he is sometimes confused.

The historian Joseph Needham asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence of their craftsmenship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and the court.

It is unknown when the first spectacles were made, but the British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham stated in his research that the ancient Chinese invented the earliest eyeglasses 1000 years ago and were also mentioned by the Venetian Marco Polo in his account of his travels in ancient China.

According to the sinologist and historian Joseph Needham, some early Daoists adapted censers for the religious and spiritual use of cannabis.

Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy (, Ānanda Kentiś Kūmaraswāmī ) ( 22 August 1877, Colombo, Ceylon − 9 September 1947, Needham, Massachusetts ) was a Ceylonese philosopher and metaphysician, as well as a pioneering historian and philosopher of Indian art, particularly art history and symbolism, and an early interpreter of Indian culture to the West.

However, the historian Joseph Needham has pointed out that in all likely scenarios, the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China, as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book ( considering how the book had been edited up until the Han Dynasty, 202 BC – 220 AD ).

The historian Joseph Needham points out that the written material and depicted illustration of this rocket come from the oldest stratum of the Huolongjing, which can be dated roughly 1300-1350 AD ( from the book's part 1, chapter 3, page 23 ).

The historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham discussed a no-longer extant Liang Dynasty ( 502 – 587 ) illustrated text called Zhong Shenzhi 種神芝 " On the Planting and Cultivation of Magic Mushrooms ".

The institute is named after the scientist and historian Joseph Needham, who initiated the Science and Civilisation in China series.

The historian Joseph Needham states ( Wade-Giles spelling ):

British historian Joseph Needham compiled a list of Chinese emperors whose death was likely due to elixir poisoning.

As to the last paragraph, the historian and sinologist Joseph Needham asserts that: " As to the seasonal lunar and stellar connections, the thought of Wang Chong ( about 83 AD ) is that in some way or other the cyclical behavior of the qi on earth, where water is distilled into mountain clouds, is correlated with the behavior of the qi in the heavens, which brings the moon near to the Hyades at certain times.

In the 20th century, this list was popularized and augmented by the noted British biochemist, historian, and sinologist Joseph Needham, who devoted the later part of his life to studying the science and civilization of ancient China.

In the realm of modern research, the late British biochemist and historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham ( 1900 – 1995 ) ( known as Li Yuese in China ) did extensive research and analysis of Su Song's texts and various achievements in his Science and Civilization in China book series.

The sinologist and historian Joseph Needham concluded " the hallucinogenic properties of hemp were common knowledge in Chinese medical and Taoist circles for two millennia or more ", and other scholars associated Chinese wu ( shamans ) with the entheogenic use of cannabis in Central Asian shamanism.

`` History has this in common with every other science: that the historian is not allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge, except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place, and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration, the grounds upon which it is based.

The knowledge in virtue of which a man is an historian is a knowledge of what the evidence at his disposal proves about certain events ''.

It is obvious that the historian who seeks to recapture the ideas that have motivated human behavior throughout a given period will find the art and literature of that age one of his central and major concerns, by no means a mere supplement or adjunct of significant historical research.

Often the historian must consider the use of intuition or instinct by those individuals or nations which he is studying.

He is a historian, with the great merit of a historian's long view.

The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method.

The contemporary historian James W. Loewen agrees with the oral traditions in his book, Lies Across America: What Our Historic Markers and Monuments Get Wrong ( 1999 ), but there is not a consensus within the professional academic community.

He kills 28 people in the Trojan War, and his career during that war is retold by Roman historian Gaius Julius Hyginus ( c. 64 BC – AD 17 ) in his Fabulae.

Agathon's extraordinary physical beauty is brought up repeatedly in the sources ; the historian W. Rhys Roberts observes that " ὁ καλός Ἀγάθων ( ho kalos Agathon ) has become almost a stereotyped phrase.

After a close reading of the Thesmophoriazousae, the historian Jane McIntosh Snyder observed that Agathon's costume was almost identical to that of the famous lyric poet Anacreon, as he is portrayed in early 5th-century vase-paintings.

This, combined with their post-battle rewards, prompted them to raise Alaric " on a shield " and proclaim him king ; according to Jordanes ( a Gothic historian of varying importance, depending upon who is asked ), both the new king and his people decided " rather to seek new kingdoms by their own work, than to slumber in peaceful subjection to the rule of others.

The cause of the conflict is uncertain, as the sources are divided ; the Lombard Paul the Deacon accuses the Gepids, while the Byzantine historian Menander Protector places the blame on Alboin, an interpretation favoured by historian Walter Pohl.

And, Offa is not known to have issued a law code, leading historian Patrick Wormald to speculate that Alfred had in mind the legatine capitulary of 786 that was presented to Offa by two papal legates.

And a solemn diploma from Christ Church, Canterbury dated 873 is so poorly constructed and written that historian Nicholas Brooks posited a scribe who was either so blind he could not read what he wrote or who knew little or no Latin.

After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

He is rather to be treated as a biographer than as a historian of the Crusade in its broader aspects.

The Minḥat Ḳenaot is instructive reading for the historian because it throws much light upon the deeper problems which agitated Judaism, the question of the relation of religion to the philosophy of the age, which neither the zeal of the fanatic nor the bold attitude of the liberal-minded could solve in any fixed dogmatic form or by any anathema, as the independent spirit of the congregations refused to accord to the rabbis the power possessed by the Church of dictating to the people what they should believe or respect.

Although Bede is mainly studied as a historian now, in his time his works on grammar, chronology, and biblical studies were as important as his historical and hagiographical works.