* Alnus cordata — Italian alder, Italy

The Cathars were largely a homegrown, Western European / Latin Christian phenomenon, springing up in the Rhineland cities ( particularly Cologne ) in the mid-12th century, northern France around the same time, and particularly southern France — the Languedoc — and the northern Italian cities in the mid-late 12th century.

In contrast, Dante decided to write his epic, the Divine Comedy in Italian — a choice that defied the traditional epic choice of Latin dactylic hexameters — and produced a masterpiece beloved both then and now.

Following the decisive Ethiopian victory at Adwa, Menelik II rapidly negotiated a series of treaties fixing Ethiopia's boundaries — with French Somaliland in March 1897, British Somaliland a few months later in June 1897, with Italian Eritrea in 1900, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1902, British East Africa in 1907, and Italian Somaliland in 1908 — which simplified this problem on one level.

Describing Flanders as the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium is commonplace, although Jewish groups have been speaking Yiddish in Antwerp for centuries, and Flanders ' minority residents include 170 nationalities — their larger groups speaking French, Berber, Turkish, Arabic, Spanish, Italian and Polish.

In 288 BC, the Mamertines — a group of Italian ( Campanian ) mercenaries originally hired by Agathocles of Syracuse — occupied the city of Messana ( modern Messina ) in the northeastern tip of Sicily, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives.

In 1991 the performance of some Italian teams attracted attention-they had started using Agip's " jungle juice " Formula One fuel, worth an estimated 15 bhp — giving their drivers a significant advantage.

The Axis, too, believed that the capture of Egypt was imminent ; Italian leader Benito Mussolini — sensing an historic moment — flew to Libya to prepare for his triumphal entry to Cairo.

As the Axis forces dug in, Auchinleck — having drawn a number of German units to the coastal sector during the Tel el Eisa fighting — developed a plan — codenamed Operation Bacon — to attack the Italian Pavia and Brescia Divisions in the centre of the front at the Ruweisat ridge.

Two manuscripts are known to have existed, both dated to the late 16th century and written respectively in Italian and in Spanish — although the Spanish manuscript is now lost, its text surviving only in a partial 18th-century transcript.

The main difference between the text in the surviving Spanish copy and that in the Italian manuscript is that in the Spanish copy chapters 121 to 200 are noted as being missing in the exemplar — although it appears that these chapters had still been present in the Spanish original when it was first examined by George Sale.

The bridge itself rests on a soundboard, a thin panel of wood usually made of spruce, fir or — in some Italian harpsichords — cypress.

The present-day figure of about 4. 6 million foreign residents, that make up some 8 % of the total population, include more than half a million children born in Italy to foreign nationals — second generation immigrants, but exclude foreign nationals who have subsequently acquired Italian nationality ; this applied to 53, 696 people in 2008.

It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas — the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas.

The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Nino Bixio in 1870.

" Mama " is a popular song first written in 1941 by Cesare Andrea Bixio with Italian lyrics by Bruno Cherubini under the title " Mamma son tanto felice " ( Mum, I am so happy ).

Nino Bixio ( or, in Ligurian dialect, ; October 2, 1821 – December 16, 1873 ) was an Italian soldier and politician, who fought for the Italian unification.

Cesare Borgia (;, ; 13 September 1475 or April 1476 – 12 March 1507 ), Duke of Valentinois, was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal.

Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4, 000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France.

* 1550 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher ( d. 1631 )

* 1932 – Cesare Maldini, Italian footballer and manager

For example, 16th century Italian dances in Fabritio Caroso's ( 1581 ) and Cesare Negri's ( 1602 ) dance manuals often have a galliard section.

* 1939 – Cesare Fiorio, Italian sporting director

* 1987 – Cesare Rickler, Italian footballer

* 1835 – Cesare Lombroso, Italian psychiatrist and criminologist ( d. 1909 )

* 1838 – Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer ( d. 1910 )

In the 2000s ( decade ), requests by Italian Justice for extradition from France involved several leftist activists, including Antonio Negri, Cesare Battisti, and others.

* 1475 – Cesare Borgia, Italian politician and cardinal ( d. 1507 )

* Cesare Beccaria ( 1738 – 1794 ) Italian.

* Cesare Beccaria, Italian philosopher and politician

** Cesare Fantoni, Italian film actor ( b. 1905 )

* November 6 – Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer ( b. 1838 )

** Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician ( b. 1898 )

* February 10 – Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer ( d. 2010 )

* November 2 – Cesare Rubini, Italian basketball player and coach ( d. 2011 )

* December 22 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher ( d. 1631 )

* Italian natural philosopher Giulio Cesare Vanini publishes a radically heterodox book in France after his English interlude De admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis, for which he is condemned and forced to flee Paris.

* July 19 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher ( b. 1550 )

* October 6 – Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer ( d. 1910 )

* February 20 – The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.

** Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier ( b. 1499 )

* March 12 – Cesare Borgia, Italian general and statesman killed by an unknown assassin .( b. 1475 )