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* Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By ( IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980 ), Chapters 1 – 3.
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* Lakoff, G and Johnson, M. ( 1999 ).
* Lakoff, G. ( 1987 ): Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind, London.
Lakoff and .
A set of ontological distinctions related by a single conceptual metaphor was called an ontological metaphor by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who claimed that such metaphors arising from experience were more basic than any properties or symbol-based comparisons.
In Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.
Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors we use, such as “ argument is war ” and “ time is money .” Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning.
It was Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ) who greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language.
( This inspired the title of the George Lakoff book Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.
One of those who adopted a more Whorfian approach was George Lakoff.
In his book Women, Fire and Dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind, Lakoff reappraised the hypothesis of linguistic relativity and especially Whorf's views about how linguistic categorization reflects and / or influences mental categories.
Lakoff concluded that since many of Whorf's critics had criticized him using definitions of linguistic relativity that Whorf did not himself use, their criticisms were often ineffective.
Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being ( hereinafter WMCF ) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.
Lakoff and Núñez's avowed purpose is to begin laying the foundations for a truly scientific understanding of mathematics, one grounded in processes common to all human cognition.
WMCF builds on earlier books by Lakoff ( 1987 ) and Lakoff and Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ), which analyze such concepts of metaphor and image schemata from second-generation cognitive science.
Some of the riches of these earlier books, such as the interesting technical ideas in Lakoff ( 1987 ), are absent from WMCF.
Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms.
Lakoff and Núñez start by reviewing the psychological literature, concluding that human beings appear to have an innate ability, called subitizing, to count, add, and subtract up to about 4 or 5.
Lakoff and Núñez conclude that while the potential infinite is not metaphorical, the actual infinite is.
Lakoff and Núñez argue that the expectation of closure is an artifact of the human mind's ability to relate fundamentally different concepts via metaphor.
Lakoff and Núñez are not the first to argue that conventional approaches to the philosophy of mathematics are flawed.
Lakoff and Núñez cite Saunders MacLane ( the inventor, with Samuel Eilenberg, of category theory ) in support of their position.
:" Lakoff " and " Professor Lakoff " redirect here.
Lakoff and &
* Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson ( 1999 ) Philosophy in the Flesh.
* Lakoff, George & Mark Turner ( 1989 ) More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor.
* Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson ( 1980 ) Metaphors We Live By.
Lakoff, Robin " Language and Woman's Place " ( New York, Harper & Row, 1975 ).
* Lakoff, George ; & Ross, John R..
Lakoff and Johnson
The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).
The authors also suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine: “ Communication is not what one does with the machine, but is the machine itself .” ( Johnson, Lakoff, 1980 ).
Lakoff is, with coauthors Mark Johnson and Rafael E. Núñez, one of the primary proponents of the embodied mind thesis.
* Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1980 ).
* Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1997 ).
This idea, and a detailed examination of the underlying processes, was first extensively explored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their work Metaphors We Live By.
In George Lakoff and Mark Johnson ’ s work, Metaphors We Live By ( 1980 ), we see how everyday language is filled with metaphors we may not always notice.
The term " concrete ," in this theory, has been further specified by Lakoff and Johnson as more closely related to the developmental, physical neural, and interactive body ( see embodied philosophy ).
In their 1980 work, Lakoff and Johnson closely examined a collection of basic conceptual metaphors, including:
Lakoff and Johnson focus on English, and cognitive scholars writing in English have tended not to investigate the discourse of foreign languages in any great detail to determine the creative ways in which individuals negotiate, resist and consolidate conceptual metaphors.
One motivation for making humanoid robots can be understood in the book Philosophy in the Flesh by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff.
Following Lakoff and Johnson, Ramachandran argues that metaphors are non-arbitrary.
Similar to the analysis of out given by Johnson, Lakoff argued that there were six basic spatial schemas for the English word over.
( This view is shared by psychologists in the embodied psychology ( Lakoff and Johnson 1999 ) and distributed cognition traditions.
* George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, 1999.
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