He contributed to it many critical notes and emendations, which were afterwards collected in book form under the titles Novae Lectiones, Variae Lectiones and Miscellanea Critica.

The reputation he acquired by his Lectiones Apollonianae ( 1816 ) led soon afterwards to his being appointed professor at the gymnasium of Posen.

After he returned from Rome, he published a second volume of miscellaneous criticism ( Antiquarum Lectionum Libri Quinque, 1575 ); compared with the Variae Lectiones of eight years earlier, it shows that he had advanced from the notion of purely conjectural emendation to that of emending by collation.

* Isaac Barrow publishes Lectiones Opticæ et Geometricæ in London.

Several editions of the Pius X Breviary were produced during the twentieth century, including a notable edition prepared with the assistance of the Sisters of Stanbrook Abbey in the 1950s.

From the Breviary of Chertsey Abbey, 14th century.

The late Medieval period saw the recitation of certain hours of the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, which was based on the Breviary in form and content, becoming popular among those who could read, and Bishop Challoner did much to popularise the hours of Sunday Vespers and Compline ( albeit in English translation ) in his ' Garden of the Soul ' in the eighteenth century.

In late 2010 the company announced that the concordat cum originali had been granted for the Breviary and specimen pages appeared on their website.

The most notable texts produced in that period include Saint Florian's Breviary printed partially in Polish in the late 14th century ; Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia ( 1475 ): a printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers, as well as Jan Długosz's Chronicle from the 15th century and his Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium.

The Grimani Breviary, long in the library of San Marco, Venice, is a key work in the late history of Flemish illuminated manuscripts.

Bulls in favour of the shrine at Loreto were issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1491 and by Julius II in 1507, the last alluding to the translation of the house with some caution ( ut pie creditur et fama est ); While, like most miracles, the translation of the house is not a matter of faith for Catholics, nonetheless, in the late 17th century, Innocent XII appointed a missa cum officio proprio ( a special mass ) for the feast of the Translation of the Holy House, and as late as the 20th century, the feast was enjoined in the Spanish Breviary as a greater double ( December 10 ).

Breviary, ink, paint and gold on parchment ; third quarter 15th century ( Walters Art Museum ).

The title Breviary, as we employ it — that is, a book containing the entire canonical office — appears to date from the eleventh century.

The Breviary rightly so called, however, only dates from the 11th century ; the earliest MS. containing the whole canonical office is of the year 1099 and is in the Mazarin library.

In Scotland the only one which has survived the convulsions of the 16th century is Aberdeen Breviary, a Scottish form of the Sarum Office ( the Sarum Rite was much favoured in Scotland as a kind of protest against the jurisdiction claimed by the diocese of York ), revised by William Elphinstone ( bishop 1483 – 1514 ), and printed at Edinburgh by Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar in 1509 – 1510.

The Liturgical Movement in the twentieth century saw renewed interest in the Offices of the Breviary and several popular editions were produced containing the vernacular as well as the Latin.

The Council entrusted to the Pope the implementation of its work ; as a result, Pope Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed in 1565 ; and Pope Pius V issued in 1566 the Roman Catechism, in 1568 a revised Roman Breviary, and in 1570 a revised Roman Missal, thus standardizing what since the 20th century has been called the Tridentine Mass ( from the city's Latin name Tridentum ), and Pope Clement VIII issued in 1592 a revised edition of the Vulgate.

The 27 December feast is found in the Syriac Breviary of the end of the 4th century and the Martyrology of Jerome.

In the thirteenth century, the Roman Rite distinguished three ranks: simple, semidouble and double, with consequent differences in the recitation of the Divine Office or Breviary.

In the mid-8th century a surviving Lex Romana Curiensis, a " Roman Law of Chur ", was an abbreviated epitome of the Breviary of Alaric.

The Office of St. Monica, however, does not seem to have found a place in the Roman Breviary before the 16th century.

St. Benedict ( 6th century ) in his description of the Liturgy of the Hours, always refers to Vigils as the Night Office, whilst that of day-break he calls Matins, Lauds being the last three psalms of that office, those excised in the Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X ( Regula, cap.

" In the 16th century, the antiphons of our Lady were employed to replace the little office at all the hours " ( Baudot, The Roman Breviary, 1909, p. 71 ).

* Breviary Timeline-A timeline of official 20th century breviaries

Gregory VII ( pope 1073 – 1085 ), too, simplified the liturgy as performed at the Roman court, and gave his abridgment the name of Breviary, which thus came to denote a work which from another point of view might be called a Plenary, involving as it did the collection of several works into one.

These preaching friars, with the authorization of Gregory IX, adopted ( with some modifications, e. g. the substitution of the " Gallican " for the " Roman " version of the Psalter ) the Breviary hitherto used exclusively by the Roman court, and with it gradually swept out of Europe all the earlier partial books ( Legendaries, Responsories ), & c., and to some extent the local Breviaries, like that of Sarum.

The Roman Breviary has undergone several revisions: The most remarkable of these is that by Francis Quignonez, cardinal of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( 1536 ), which, though not accepted by Rome ( it was approved by Clement VII and Paul III, and permitted as a substitute for the unrevised Breviary, until Pius V in 1568 excluded it as too short and too modern, and issued a reformed edition ( Breviarium Pianum, Pian Breviary ) of the old Breviary ), formed the model for the still more thorough reform made in 1549 by the Church of England, whose daily morning and evening services are but a condensation and simplification of the Breviary offices.

The Pian Breviary was again altered by Sixtus V in 1588, who introduced the revised Vulgate, in 1602 by Clement VIII ( through Baronius and Bellarmine ), especially as concerns the rubrics ; and by Urban VIII ( 1623 – 1644 ), a purist who altered the text of certain hymns.

Instead, the forms of service that were to be included in the Book of Common Prayer were drawn from the Missal ( for the Mass ), Breviary for the daily office, Manual ( for the occasional services ; Baptism, Marriage, Burial etc.

The Index librorum prohibitorum was announced 1564 and the following books were issued with the papal imprimatur: the Profession of the Tridentine Faith and the Tridentine Catechism ( 1566 ), the Breviary ( 1568 ), the Missal ( 1570 ) and the Vulgate ( 1590 and then 1592 ).

Their own spiritual sacrifice is key, including the celebration of the mystery of the Holy Eucharist — the greatest task of priests — and the recitation of the Divine office ( see Breviary ), the voice of the Church, together with Christ, making intercession.

In response to a decree of the First Vatican Council ( 1870 ), Pope Pius X introduced in 1911 a new arrangement of the Psalter for use in the Breviary.

Originally celebrated on the third Sunday after Easter with an octave, after Divino Afflatu of St. Pius X ( see Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X ), it was moved to the preceding Wednesday.

W. C. Bishop, in his article on the Ambrosian Breviary ( Church Q., Oct., 1886 ), takes up the same line as Neale in claiming a Gallican origin for the Ambrosian Divine Office.

This is generally known as the Breviarium Alaricianum or Breviary of Alaric.

The volume containing the daily hours of Roman Catholic prayer was published as the Breviarium Romanum ( Roman Breviary ) until the reforms of Paul VI, when it became known as the Liturgy of the Hours.

This entry deals with the Breviary prior to the changes introduced by Pope Paul VI in 1974.

St. Gregory VII having, indeed, abridged the order of prayers, and having simplified the Liturgy as performed at the Roman Court, this abridgment received the name of Breviary, which was suitable, since, according to the etymology of the word, it was an abridgment.

This is pointed out, however, simply to make still clearer the meaning and origin of the word ; and section V will furnish a more detailed explanation of the formation of the Breviary.

The canonical hours of the Breviary owe their remote origin to the Old Covenant when God commanded the Aaronic priests to offer morning and evening sacrifices.

The first step in the evolution of the Breviary was the separation of the Psalter into a choir-book.

To overcome the inconvenience of using such a library the Breviary came into existence and use.

Until the council of Trent every bishop had full power to regulate the Breviary of his own diocese ; and this was acted upon almost everywhere.

The services were at the same time simplified and shortened, and the use of the whole Psalter every week ( which had become a mere theory in the Roman Breviary, owing to its frequent supersession by saints ' day services ) was made a reality.

These reformed French Breviaries — e. g. the Paris Breviary of 1680 by Archbishop François de Harlay ( 1625 – 1695 ) and that of 1736 by Archbishop Charles Gaspard Guillaume de Vintimille ( 1655 – 1746 )— show a deep knowledge of Holy Scripture, and much careful adaptation of different texts.