* Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason with an historical introduction by Ludwig Noiré, available at

Another example concerns inversive geometry as advanced by Ludwig Immanuel Magnus, which can be considered synthetic in spirit.

Ludwig Immanuel Magnus ( March 15, 1790 – September 25, 1861 ) was a German Jewish mathematician who, in 1831, published a paper about the inversion transformation, which leads to inversive geometry.

ht: Ludwig Immanuel Magnus

Ludwig von Mises was influenced by several theories in forming his work on praxeology, including Immanuel Kant's works, Max Weber's work on methodological individualism, and Carl Menger's development of the subjective theory of value.

It was named in honour of Immanuel August Ludwig Dornfeld ( 1796 – 1869 ), a senior civil servant who was instrumental in creating the viticultural school in Weinsberg.

Other shortlisted figures were David Hume ( 12. 7 %), Ludwig Wittgenstein ( 6. 8 %), Friedrich Nietzsche ( 6. 5 %), Plato ( 5. 6 %), Immanuel Kant ( 5. 6 %), Thomas Aquinas ( 4. 8 %), Socrates ( 4. 8 %), Aristotle ( 4. 5 %) and Karl Popper ( 4. 2 %).

During the war, the most important Swedish commanders besides Charles XII were his close friend Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, also Magnus Stenbock and Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt.

: Rudi Beichel, Magnus von Braun, Wernher von Braun, Walter Dornberger, Werner Dahm, Konrad Dannenberg, Kurt H. Debus, Ernst R. G. Eckert, Krafft Arnold Ehricke, Otto Hirschler, Hermann H. Kurzweg, Fritz Mueller, Gerhard Reisig, Georg Rickhey, Arthur Rudolph, Ernst Stuhlinger, Werner Rosinski, Eberhard Rees, Ludwig Roth, Georg von Tiesenhausen, and Bernhard Tessmann ( see List of German rocket scientists in the US ).

Later recipients include Arthur Compton ( 1954 ), Hermann Hesse ( 1954 ), Albert Schweitzer ( 1954 ), Thomas Mann ( 1955 ), Oskar Kokoschka ( 1955 ), Carl Orff ( 1956 ), Erwin Schrödinger ( 1956 ), Thornton Wilder ( 1956 ), Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1956 ), Werner Heisenberg ( 1957 ), Gerhard Ritter ( 1957 ), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1957 ), Percy Ernst Schramm ( 1958 ), Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker ( 1961 ), Karl Jaspers ( 1964 ), Otto Klemperer ( 1967 ), Carl Zuckmayer ( 1967 ), Henry Moore ( 1972 ), Raymond Aron ( 1973 ), George F. Kennan ( 1976 ), Friedrich Hayek ( 1977 ), Karl Popper ( 1980 ), Eugène Ionesco ( 1983 ), Hans Bethe ( 1984 ), Gordon A. Craig ( 1990 ), Rudolf Mößbauer ( 1996 ), Umberto Eco ( 1998 ), Hans Magnus Enzensberger ( 1999 ), and Wim Wenders ( 2005 ).

In the years following the war ( after 1671 ) the King was often praised as Louis le Grand or Ludovicus Magnus ( Ludwig the Great ), and on the suggestion of Colbert, the finance minister, even a triumphal arch was to be built in Paris ; however, construction was abandoned in 1671.

Duke Frederick I of Württemberg and Sibylla of Anhalt ( centre ), with their 5 sons: Johann Frederick, Duke of Württemberg | Johann Frederick, Ludwig Frederick, Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen | Julius Frederick, Johann Frederick, Duke of Württemberg | Frederick Achilles and Magnus ( top left downwards ), and 5 daughters: Sibylla Elisabeth, Eva Christina, Agnes, Barbara and Anna ( top right downwards )

According to the Mathematics Genealogy project he supervised one dissertation there, that of Kurt Magnus ( whose other supervisor was Ludwig Prandtl ).

Past Hakluyt Society editions have dealt with the following explorers: Ibn Battuta, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Pedro Cieza de León, John Cabot, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Cosmas Indicopleustes, James Cook, Vasco da Gama, Semyon Dezhnev, Francis Drake, Humphrey Gilbert, Jean-François de La Pérouse, Ludwig Leichhardt, Ma Huan, Olaus Magnus, Arthur J. M. Jephson, Jens Munk, and George Vancouver.

* 1949 – Horst Ludwig Störmer, German physicist, Nobel laureate

* 1881 – Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal ( d. 1954 )

* 1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet ( d. 1803 )

* 1977 – Jens Ludwig, German guitarist ( Edguy )

Ludwig Ross, the German archaeologist appointed Curator of the Antiquities of Athens at the time of the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece, by his explorations in the Greek islands from 1835 onwards, called attention to certain early intaglios, since known as Inselsteine ; but it was not until 1878 that C. T. Newton demonstrated these to be no strayed Phoenician products.

The school existed in three German cities ( Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933 ), under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime.

( 1937 ) relied heavily on other theorists such as Ludwig Ritter von Eimannsberger, whose major book, The Tank War ( Der Kampfwagenkrieg ) ( 1934 ) gained a wide audience in the German Army.

Christoph Ludwig Agricola ( November 5, 1667 – August 8, 1719 ) was a German landscape painter.

* 1770 – Ludwig van Beethoven, German composer ( d. 1827 )

* 1626 – Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, German statesman ( d. 1692 )

* Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, Friedrich Engels

* 1813 – Otto Ludwig, German writer and critic ( d. 1865 )

Later, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow, a survivor of Schill's Freikorps, formed the Lützow Free Corps, which took part in the German War of Liberation.

Beginning with the replacement of the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark as legal tender, a lasting period of low inflation and rapid industrial growth was overseen by the government led by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his minister of economics, Ludwig Erhard, raising West Germany from total wartime devastation to one of the most developed nations in modern Europe.

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor ( ; ; – January 6, 1918 ) was a German mathematician, best known as the inventor of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.

In a foreword to his essay Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy ( 1886 ), three years after Marx's death, Engels claimed confidently that " In the meantime, the Marxist world outlook has found representatives far beyond the boundaries of Germany and Europe and in all the literary languages of the world.

After the attempts to achieve German national unity failed with the Revolutions of 1848, Wagner strongly relied on the picture of Henry as the actual ruler of all German tribes as advocated by pan-Germanist activists like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.

* 1781 – Ludwig Achim von Arnim, German poet ( d. 1831 )

* 1815 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, German general ( d. 1881 )

* 1919 – Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Orkney.

* 1855 – Ludwig Ganghofer, German writer ( d. 1920 )

* 1836 – Ludwig Schüler, German politician ( d. 1930 )

* 1887 – Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1975 )

* 1804 – Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher ( d. 1872 )

: This form is also called the Hesse standard form, after the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse.

William Everdell, for example, has argued that modernism began in the 1870s, when metaphorical ( or ontological ) continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind's ( 1831 – 1916 ) Dedekind cut, and Ludwig Boltzmann's ( 1844 – 1906 ) statistical thermodynamics.

He was the father of the philosopher Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach and the mathematician Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach ; and the grandfather of the painter Anselm Feuerbach.

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925 ) was a German mathematician, logician and philosopher.

In mathematics, specifically in the field of finite group theory, the Sylow theorems are a collection of theorems named after the Norwegian mathematician Ludwig Sylow (

Otto Ludwig Hölder ( December 22, 1859 – August 29, 1937 ) was a German mathematician born in Stuttgart.

They were accompanied to Italy by Ludwig Schläfli, who came as a translator ; as he was strongly interested in mathematics, during the trip both Dirichlet and Jacobi lectured him, later Schläfli becoming an important mathematician himself.

Leo Moser ( son of Ludwig Moser, founder of the Moser Glassworks in what is now Karlovy Vary, Bohemia, in the Czech Republic, not to be confused with Leo Moser, a mathematician ) investigated the use of praseodymium in glass coloration in the late 1920s.

* Ludwig Boltzmann ( 1844 – 1906 ), physicist / mathematician

* September 7-Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow ( born 1832 ), mathematician.

The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him.

When Ludwig Wittgenstein ( 1889 – 1951 ), Austrian-British philosopher and mathematician, moving from Berlin to England, began studying mechanical engineering in 1908, he was highly influenced by his reading of Renaissance technical treatises, particularly Veranzio's Machinae Novae.

* Otto Ludwig Hölder ( 1859 – 1937 ), German mathematician

Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach ( 4 December 1886 – 1 September 1982 ) was a German mathematician.

* Ludwig Maurer ( 1859 – 1927 ), German mathematician

Carl Ludwig Siegel ( December 31, 1896 – April 4, 1981 ) was a German mathematician specialising in number theory and celestial mechanics.

Ludwig Otto Hesse ( 22 April 1811 – 4 August 1874 ) was a German mathematician.

* Ludwig Schlesinger ( 1864 – 1933 ), Hungarian-German mathematician, proved Hilbert's twenty-first problem

* Joseph Ludwig Raabe ( 1801-1859 ), Swiss mathematician

Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen, mostly known as Johan Jensen, ( 8 May 1859 – 5 March 1925 ) was a Danish mathematician and engineer.

Ludwig Otto Blumenthal ( 20 July 1876 – 13 November 1944 ) was a German mathematician and professor at RWTH Aachen University.

* Richard von Mises, scientist and mathematician, younger brother of Ludwig von Mises