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* Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.
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Mamluk and sultan
On the way back to Egypt, the Mamluk sultan Qutuz was assassinated by the general Baibars, who was far less favourable than his predecessor to alliances with the Franks.
* 1260 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.
* Mamluk sultan of Egypt Qalawun signs a 10-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre ; he will violate the truce on pretexts in 1290.
* April 15 – Battle of Elbistan: Mamluk sultan Baibars invades the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and defeats a Mongol army.
* 1260 – October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.
** 1270 – Before August – King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states from the Mamluk sultan Baibars ; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.
* 1270 – The ancient city of Ashkelon is captured from the crusader states and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.
* 1271 – April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
* 1279 – Mamluk sultan Baraka Khan and emir Qalawun of Egypt invade Armenia ; a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.
* 1281 – October 29 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the Battle of Homs.
* 1284 – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Qalawun signs a ten-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre ; he will violate the truce on pretexts in 1290.
* 1285 – April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat ( in present-day Syria ), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable ; he captures the fortress a month later.
* 1287 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.
* 1289 – April 27 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli ( in present-day Lebanon ) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.
* December – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.
* Khalil, Mamluk sultan of Egypt
* Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil invades the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
* Mamluk sultan Baibars conquers Al-Maris, previously part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.
* Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.
* April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
* Before August – King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states from the Mamluk sultan Baibars ; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.
* The ancient city of Ashkelon is captured from the crusader states and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.
* October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.
Mamluk and Baibars
Egyptian Mamluk Sultan, Baibars ( 1260 – 1277 ) conquered Palestine and the Mamluks ruled it until 1517, regarding it as part of Syria.
The Mamluk sultans Baibars and al-Ashraf Khalil eventually reconquered all the remaining crusader strongholds, culminating in the destruction of Acre in 1291.
* 1268 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch.
* Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria ( d. 1277 )
* July 3 – Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars ' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade ; he later has to ransom himself.
* The Mamluk sultan Baibars expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos ( in present-day Lebanon ) and the important castle of Toron from the crusader states, and defeating the Armenians at Cilicia.
* May 18 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch ; Baibars ' destruction of the city of Antioch is so great as to permanently negate the city's importance.
The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were now threatening Acre itself.
The Masyaf branch of the Assassins was taken over by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1273.
The Syrian branch of the Assassins was taken over by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1273.
Mamluk and siege
* April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat ( in present-day Syria ), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable ; he captures the fortress a month later.
* April 27 – Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli ( in present-day Lebanon ) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.
On 14 September 1799 Kleber established a mounted company of Mamluk auxiliaries and Syrian Janissaries from Turkish troops captured at the siege of Acre.
From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse and in 1271 Krak des Chevaliers was captured by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars after a siege lasting 36 days.
A Mamluk fleet landed a force on the island, engaging in combat with the entrenched Templars, and then establishing a lengthy siege, culminating with the Fall of Ruad, and the Crusaders surrendering on September 26, 1302, following a promise of safe conduct.
In 1444, the Mamluk fleet of Egypt laid a siege to Rhodes, but the Knights aided by the Burgundian naval commander Geoffroy de Thoisy beat off the Muslim attack.
Mamluk and city
The Mamluk Empire of Egypt finally destroyed the city in 1374.
He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area then headed inland to Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate and even at that time an important large city.
* Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.
* Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria.
* Estimation: Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China.
* Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.
For much of their rule, the city was desolate in the Mamluk period between the 13th and 16th centuries.
In 1508 at the Battle of Chaul the Mamluk fleet won over the Portuguese viceroy's son Lourenço de Almeida, but in the following year the Portuguese won the Battle of Diu in which the Port city of Diu was wrested from the Gujarat Sultanate.
In 1771, during the Mamluk invasion of Syria, al-Omar aligned himself with the Mamluks and besieged Nablus, but did not succeed in taking the city.
With the history of Tripoli dating back to the 14th century BCE, it is home to the largest fortress in Lebanon ( the Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles ), and continues to be the second largest Mamluk city ( behind Cairo ) in architectural heritage.
During the Mamluk period, Tripoli became a central city and provincial capital of the Mamlakah or kingdom ( one of six in Mamluk Syria ).
Mamluk Tripoli witnessed a high rate of urban growth and a fast city development ( according to traveler's accounts ).
When Tripoli was visited by Ibn Batutah in 1355, he described the newly founded Mamluk city.
These attributes are prominent features in a Mamluk mosque's profile and were significant in the beautification of the city skyline.
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