* March 1, 1811 – Citadel Massacre: Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.

* March 1 – Citadel Massacre in Cairo: Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.

* 1280 – Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, but Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.

* Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, but Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.

He also signed a treaty in 1263 with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars, and the Mongol Khan of Kipchak.

* Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, an Egyptian sultanate ruled by Mamluks that existed between 1250 and 1517, and included Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz.

An Egyptian Mamluk warrior in full armor and armed with lance, shield, sabre and pistols.

A Morisco worked as a military advisor for Sultan Al-Ashraf Tumanbay II of Egypt ( the last Egyptian Mamluk Sultan ) during his struggle against the Ottoman invasion in 1517 led by Sultan Selim I.

To prevent Portuguese attacks against Egyptian coastal towns and the Red Sea port of Jeddah, Qansuh al-Ghawri the last Mamluk sultan ordered a 6, 000-man force headed by Selman Reis to defend Suez in 1507, which in turn limited the Mamluk military's capabilities against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean sea.

The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Qalawun.

* There were two Egyptian Mamluk dynasties, the Bahri dynasty from 1250 to 1382 and the Burgi dynasty from 1382 until 1517.

In 1460, with support from the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal, James challenged her right to the throne, blockading her and her husband in the castle of Kyrenia for three years.

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia ( the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire ) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province.

One group of Mongols split off from Ghazan's army and was even able to launch some Mongol raids into Palestine, pursuing the retreating Egyptian Mamluk troops as far south as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.

* July 25-At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon Bonaparte gains French control of Egyptian artifacts by defeating 10, 000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.

Egyptian Mamluks soldiers had little expertise in naval warfare, and Portuguese often attacked and stole supplies of Malabar timber from India, so Mamluk Sultan, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri appealed to Ottoman support.

In March 1508, commanded by Mamluk admiral Mirocem ( Amir Husain Al-Kurdi ) or Admiral ( Husain Al-Kurdi ), the Egyptian Mamluk fleets arrived at Chaul in India where they surprised a Portuguese fleet commanded by Lourenço de Almeida, son of the Portuguese viceroy.

The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322.

Murad Bey ( c. 1750 – 1801 ) was an Egyptian Mamluk chieftain ( Bey ), cavalry commander and joint ruler of Egypt with Ibrahim Bey.

In 1272 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars invaded, after King David I had attacked the Egyptian city of Aidhab, initiating several decades of intervention by the Mamlukes in Nubian affairs.

Captured by the Mongols and sold as a slave, he traveled to Syria where he was sold to an Egyptian slave merchant who then sold him to Aybak, the Mamluk sultan in Cairo.

Al-Nasir Muhammed returned to Egypt amid overwhelming festivity, Cairo, which was full of people who came from all over Egypt to celebrate, was decorated from Bab al-Nasr ( Victory Gate ) to Qal ' at al-Jabal The prominent Egyptian Mamluk historian Baibars al-Dewadar was present at the battle of Marj al-Saffar ( also called the battle of Shaqhab ).

Probably the first Sultan to identify and attempt to tackle the Janissaries as a praetorian institution doing more harm than good to the modern empire, Osman II closed their coffee shops ( the gathering points for conspiracies against the throne ) and started planning to create a new, loyal and ethnic Turkic army consisting of Anatolian, Mesopotamian and Egyptian Turks and Turkmens.

Richard of Cornwall, brought from England to settle the dangerous feuding between Templars and Hospitallers, whose rivalry imperiled the treaty guaranteeing regional stability stipulated with the Egyptian Sultan As-Salih Ayyub, managed to impose peace on the area.

* August 31 – Al-Kamil becomes the new Egyptian Sultan on the death of his father Al-Adil.

* August 31 – Al-Adil I, Egyptian general and ruler, Sultan of Egypt, Syria and northern Mesopotamia ( b. 1145 )

Egyptian author Tawfiq al-Hakim, described Nasser a " confused Sultan " who pursued grand but ultimately empty dreams ; a man of stirring rhetoric, but no real plan of action.

Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the Khedive ( Egyptian monarch ) and his nominal overlord the ( Ottoman ) Sultan of Turkey.

The island was given by the Sultan Mahmud II to Muhammad Ali of Egypt as a personal fiefdom in the late 1820s, as a reward for Egyptian intervention in the War of Greek Independence ( which failed to prevent the creation of the modern Greek state ).

After hearing of the death of Louis and the evacuation of the crusaders from Tunis, Sultan Baibars of Egypt cancelled his plan to send Egyptian troops to fight Louis in Tunis.

In the 1230s, the Ayyubid rulers of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria, excluding Aleppo, by 1247.

The Egyptian Sultan Qalawun was determined to destroy the last Christian possessions and turned his attention on Tripoli.

When Sharif Ghalib Efendi informed Sultan Mahmud II of this, the Sultan ordered his Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha to retake the city.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. about Francis of Assisi's mission to the Egyptian Sultan Al-Kamil at Damietta in 1219

Approximately 800, 000 bezants were paid in ransom for King Louis who, along with thousands of his troops, was captured and defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah supported by the Bahariyya Mamluks led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak and Qalawun.

They were well received by the Egyptian Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha of Oirat origin.

In 1922, Britain agreed to formally recognize Egyptian independence, but only on the condition that the Sultan of Egypt, Fuad I, change his title to King.

In 1875, Munzinger led one of the three prongs of the Egyptian attack against Ethiopia, marching inland from Tadjoura, but his troops were overwhelmed by the army of Mahammad ibn Hanfadhe, Sultan of Aussa, and he was killed in battle.

The French did not establish a colonial administration until 1903, upon defeating Egyptian forces ( the territory was claimed by the Egyptian Sultan ).

In October, the Khwarazmians, along with the Egyptian army under the command of Baibars, were met by the Frankish army, led by Philip of Montfort, Walter of Brienne, and the masters of the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights, along with al-Mansur and Dawud.

Baibars, who was known to be a swift commander, led the vanguard and succeeded in his maneuver and lured the Mongol army to the Ain Jalut where the Egyptian army led by Qutuz waited.

Four armies from Damascus ( led by Lajin ), Hama ( led by al-Muzaffar Taqai ad-Din ), Tripoli ( led by Bilban ) and Al Kark ( led by Baibars al-Dewadar ) marched to Acre to join the Egyptian army of Khalil.

An Egyptian force led by Baibars Al-Jashnakir arrived to Damascus.

In 1255 a new rebellion led by his namesake Izz al-Din Aybak al-Afram arose in upper Egypt and forces of an-Nasir Yusuf arrived to the Egyptian border, this time accompanied by the Bahariyya Mamluks who fled to Syria, including Baibars al-Bunduqdari and Qalawun al-Alfi.

The crusade force was trapped inside the town and Robert d ' Artois was killed and the crusade force was annihilated by an Egyptian force and town population led by the men who were about to establish the state which would dominate the southern Mediterranean for decades: Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Izz al-Din Aybak, and Qalawun al-Alfi.

The tale which is a mix of fiction and facts reflects the marvel of the Egyptian commons for both Baibars and Shajar al-Durr.

The Egyptian army was commanded by a Mamluk officer named Rukn al-Din Baibars which was slightly inferior in strength to its opponents.