These include: Albania, Afghanistan Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, DR Congo, Egypt, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Holy See ( Vatican City ), Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Order of Malta, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, and Vietnam.

Countries where ASL or a derivative of ASL is the national or a widespread language include Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana ( with BSL ), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d ' Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya ( minority use ), Liberia, Madagascar ( minority use ), Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Philippines ( L2 use ), Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Trinidad and Tobago, Togo, and Zimbabwe ( with ZSL ).

The western Sanhaja were divided into several tribes-the Gazzula and the Lamta in the Draa valley and the foothills of the Anti-Atlas range, further south, encamped in the western Sahara desert, were the Massufa, the Lamtuna and the Banu Warith, and most southerly of all, the Gudala ( or Judala ), in littoral Mauritania down to the borderlands of the Senegal river.

This link between non-tonality and geographic location is not limited to Hausa alone, but is exhibited in other northern dialects of neighbouring languages ; such as the difference within Songhay language ( between the northernmost Koyra Chiini and Koyraboro Senni dialects of Timbuktu and Gao, and the Zarma dialect, spoken from western Niger to northern Ghana ), and within the Soninke language ( between the northernmost dialects of Imraguen and Nemadi spoken in east-central Mauritania, and the southern dialects of Senegal, Mali and the sahel ).

Under this system, Mauritania has 13 regions ( wilaya ), including the capital district, Nouakchott.

There are 450km of Motorway in Mauritania ( in 2010 ), connecting Nouakchott to Nouadhibou along a coastal route.

Mauritania has three operators, the original monopoly, Mauritel ( now owned by Vivendi's Maroc Telecom ), Mattel ( owned by Tunisie Telecom ) and Chinguitel, which will start operations in December 2006.

Slavery in Mauritania was finally criminalized in August 2007 It was already abolished in 1980 though it was still affecting the descendants of black Africans abducted into slavery before generations, who live now in Mauritania as " black Moors " or haratin and who partially still serve the " white Moors ", or bidhan ( the name means literally white-skinned people ), as slaves.

At the same time, Senegal and Mauritania have cooperated successfully with Mali under the Senegal River Development Office ( Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal — OMVS ), which was formed in 1972 as a flood control, irrigation, and agricultural development project.

In Mauritania, the last country to abolish slavery ( in 1981 ), it is estimated that up to 600, 000 men, women and children, or 20 % of the population, are enslaved with many used as bonded labour.

Tunisia has supported the development of the Arab Maghreb Union ( UMA ), which includes Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Libya, and Tunisia.

Polisario made the weak Mauritanian army its main target, and after a bold raid on the Mauritanian capital Nouakchott ( where a gunshot killed El-Ouali, the first president of the SADR ), Mauritania succumbed to internal unrest.

Western Sahara has no freight or passenger service railways, with the exception of a section of the Mauritania Railway ; which ( since the closure of the Choum Tunnel ), cuts across the extreme south-eastern corner of the territory.

He was one of the founders of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain ( RDA ), the leading pre-independence inter-territorial political party for all of the French West African territories except Mauritania.

: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia ( Beheading penalty ), Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria ( death penalty in some states ), Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia ( death penalty in some states ), South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

: Algeria ; Chad ( 1960 – 1972 ); Comoros ; Djibouti ; Guinea ( 1959 – 1967 ); Libya ; Mali ( 1960 – 1973 ); Morocco ( 1994 – 2000 ); Mauritania ( 2000 – 2009 ); Niger ( 1960 – 1973, 1996 – 2002 ); Somalia ; Sudan ; and Tunisia ( 1996 – 2000 ), all of which have a Muslim majority.

Mauritania ' declared war ' on Israel as a result of the 1967 Six-Day War, following the Arab League's collective decision ( Mauritania was not admitted to the League until November 1973 ), and did not reverse that declaration until at least 1991 and, seemingly, for some 32 years in about early-mid 1999.

The royal capital of Waalo was first Ndiourbel ( Guribel ) on the north bank of the Senegal River ( in modern Mauritania ), then Ndiangué on the south bank of the river, then the capital was moved to Nder on the west shore of the Lac de Guiers.

He did employ some cartographers to chart the coast of Mauritania after the voyages he sent there, but there was no center of navigation science or observatory in the modern sense of the word, nor was there an organized navigational center.

The Ghana Empire, dominated by the Soninke people and centered in the area along the border of the modern states of Mali and Mauritania.

The modern ethnic group is thus an Arabized Berber people inhabiting the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria and most notably the Western Sahara, with some tribes traditionally migrating into northern Mali and Niger.

Geographically, the ancient Ghana Empire was approximately 500 miles ( 800 km ) north and west of the modern state of Ghana, and controlled territories in the area of the Sénégal river and east towards the Niger rivers, in modern Senegal, Mauritania and Mali.

The kingdom of Mauretania was not situated on the Atlantic coast south of Western Sahara, where modern Mauritania lies.

The Principality of Bethio ( also spelled Bequio, Bekio, Bitio, Bétio or Beetyo ) was a small monarchy located for centuries along the lower Senegal River valley, on the border between modern Mauritania and Senegal, in the northeast of Biffeche.

Gradually, French control was established over much of Northern, Western, and Central Africa by the turn of the century ( including the modern nations of Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo ), and the east African coastal enclave of Djibouti ( French Somaliland ).

* Emirate of Trarza, modern southwest Mauritania 1640s-1910s

In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on Arguin Island ( off the coast of modern Mauritania ), which acquired acacia gum and slaves for Portugal.

For much of the 19th century, gum arabic was the major export from French and British trading colonies in modern Senegal and Mauritania.

Gum Arabic continued to be exported in large quantities from the Sahel areas of French West Africa ( modern Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger ) and French Equatorial Africa ( modern Chad ) until these nations gained their independence in 1959-61.

The " Cercle Commander " (" commandant de cercle ") was subject to the authority of a District Commander, and the government of the colony above him, but was independent of the Military structure ( outside of Military areas, e. g.: modern Niger and Mauritania prior to the Second World War ).

Before the establishment of modern nation states in the region during the mid-20th century, Maghreb most-commonly referred to a smaller area between the Atlas Mountains in the south and the Mediterranean Sea, often also including eastern Libya, but not modern Mauritania.

In modern Mauritania, professional musicians are paid by anybody to perform ; affluent patrons sometimes record the entertainment, rather than the musicians themselves, and are then considered to own the recording.

The modern ethnic group is thus an Arab and Berber people inhabiting the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara, and parts of Algeria.

The region comprises the modern countries, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Libya, Egypt and Sudan.

" There have been many attempts to assess the real extension of slavery in modern Mauritania, but these have mostly been frustrated by the Nouakchott government's official stance that the practice has been eliminated.

With the CMSN's leader reluctant to break with France and Mauritania, the country refused to give in to Polisario demands for a troop retreat, and Ould Salek's careless handling of the ethnic issue ( massively discriminating against Black Africans in nominating for government posts ) contributed to further unrest.

In 1998, Mauritania became the third Arab country to recognize Israel, despite strong internal opposition.

The controversial amendments, which Mauritanian authorities declared had been signed " outside the legal framework of normal practice, to the great detriment of our country ", could cost Mauritania up to $ 200 million a year, according to BBC News.

Slavery is still said to exist in Mauritania, some 100 years after slavery officially ended in the West and since it was officially abolished in the country in 1981.

The UNCCD has 194 country Parties: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, the Republic of Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

In April 1976, Mauritania and Morocco partitioned the country into three parts, Mauritania getting the southern one, which was named Tiris al-Gharbiyya.

* 1, 030, 700 km < sup > 2 </ sup > -- Mauritania ( country ranked 28th by area )

The last country to abolish legal slavery was Mauritania, where it was officially abolished by presidential decree in 1981.

In 1958, Mauritania was formed as an autonomous republic in the French Community, and in 1960 it became an independent country, with Nouakchott as its capital.

Mauritania, a country in the western region of the continent of Africa, is generally flat, its 1, 030, 700 square kilometres forming vast, arid plains broken by occasional ridges and clifflike outcroppings.

President Yahya Jammeh was forced to return from a trip to Mauritania, many suspected army officials were arrested, and prominent army officials, including the army chief of staff, fled the country.

Ethnic unrest in the Mauritanian armed forces also strongly contributed to the ineffectiveness of the army: forcibly conscripted black Africans from the south of the country resisted getting involved in what they viewed as a northern intra-Arab dispute, and the Moors and Sahrawis of northern Mauritania often sympathized with Polisario, fearing the regional ambitions of Morocco, and Daddah's increasing dependence on Moroccan military support.

A significant regional event was Boumédiènne's 1975 pledge of support for an independent Western Sahara, admitting Sahrawi bedouin refugees and the Polisario Front guerrilla movement to construct refugee camps in the Tindouf Province of western Algeria, as their home country was overrun by Morocco and Mauritania.

* Mauritania country code ( ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2, FIPS 10-4 )

**. mr, the country code top level domain ( ccTLD ) for Mauritania

Relations with Mauritania were tense too, as Morocco only recognized it as a sovereign country in 1969, nearly a decade after Mauritania's independence, because of Moroccan claims on the country ( see Great Morocco ).

Moktar Ould Daddah (; December 25, 1924 – October 14, 2003 ) was the President of Mauritania from 1960, when his country gained its independence from France, to 1978, when he was deposed in a military coup d ' etat.

Mauritania is an ethnically-mixed country that is economically and politically dominated by those who identify as Arabs and / or Arab-speaking Berbers.

The controversial amendments, which Mauritanian authorities declared had been signed " outside the legal framework of normal practice, to the great detriment of our country ", could cost Mauritania up to $ 200 million a year, according to BBC News.

. mr is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Mauritania.

* An abbreviation for the country Mauritania

The market is considered as one of the more interesting in Mauritania, but reflects the sub-saharan culture of neighboring Senegal somewhat more than the Moorish / Arabic culture found further north in the country.