The extent to which " informal " imperialism with no formal colonies is properly described as such remains a controversial topic among historians.

The extent of any informal roles and functions of the Vice President depend on the specific relationship between the President and the Vice President, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the President, and being a symbol of American concern or support.

In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance. Douglas D. Heckathorn notes that the effectiveness of any type of formal control is determined by the relative strength of the sanction in terms of extent of punishment, monitoring ability, and degree of group or informal control on the individual.

The Big Mac Index is published by The Economist as an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity ( PPP ) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries.

( These categories are informal and may overlap to a certain extent.

The Anthropocene is an informal geologic chronological term that serves to mark the evidence and extent of human activities that have had a significant global impact on the Earth's ecosystems.

What he found however was that work satisfaction depended to a large extent on the informal social pattern of the work group.

grandfatherism ) is the name given to the informal system of subjection of new junior conscripts, formerly to the Soviet Armed Forces and today to the Russian armed forces, Internal Troops, and ( to a much lesser extent ) FSB border guards, as well as the military forces of certain former Soviet Republics, to brutalization by the conscripts serving their last year of compulsory military service as well as NCOs and officers.

Trap etiquette is expected and practiced more fully during official and competitive events, but, to a lesser extent, also during informal shooting.

He later appointed ANC stalwart Winnie Madikizela-Mandela to head a national sanitation team consisting of 11 members, including a medical doctor, representatives of the SA Local Government Association, the water affairs department, the SA Municipal Workers ' Union and people living in informal settlements to identify irregularities and malpractice, the scale of the problems, nature of sanitation problems and geographic extent ...

That fundamental design flaw forced an extreme solution of sorts on the crisis, whereas, protected by security of tenure, other heads of state would have had the option of informal consultation, even to the extent of warning the head of government that if the head of government persisted with a particular course of action, the head of state would have to intervene using the constitutional powers.

That tradition of urban women making beer for the labor force persists in South Africa to the extent that informal bars and taverns ( shebeens ) are typically owned by women ( shebeen queens ).

Nicknames are sometimes also used in informal and social situations among close friends and associates in the Americas ( North and South / Latin ), but to a somewhat lesser extent.

The Crocodile Club was an informal group of members of the European Parliament ( MEP ) that favoured greater European integration, to the extent of a European federation, and greater powers to the European Parliament.

Despite the continuous effort of Chinese governments ( including those of Imperial, Republic and Communist China ) to promote Mandarin as the official dialect ( or, to some extent, Lingua franca ) within mainland China and the Sinosphere, many ethnic Chinese still maintain at least one native language for informal uses in addition to formal Mandarin.

When these fields are surveyed together, important patterns of relationship emerge indicating a vast community of reciprocal influence, a continuity of thought and expression including many traditions, primarily literary, religious, and philosophical, but frequently including contact with the fine arts and even, to some extent, with science.

Presumably those who did not have a formal church connexion had also felt the influence of Christianity to a greater or lesser extent.

It has recently been discovered that the location and extent of a neuron's AIS can be altered by the neuron's level of activity and that these changes are thought to influence the excitability of the neuron.

Relatively little of his work after 1960 was published by the conventional route of the learned journal, circulating initially in duplicated volumes of seminar notes ; his influence was to a considerable extent personal.

Use of hydronyms is generally accepted to determine the extent of these cultures ' influence, but not the date of such influence.

These motifs influence the extent to which that region is transcribed into mRNA.

Crony capitalism is believed to arise when political cronyism spills over into the business world ; self-serving friendships and family ties between businessmen and the government influence the economy and society to the extent that it corrupts public-serving economic and political ideals.

According to political scientist Arthur Stinchcombe, citizenship is based on the extent that a person can control one's own destiny within the group in the sense of being able to influence the government of the group.

Dravidian place-names along the northwest coast, in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and to a lesser extent in Sindh as well as Dravidian grammatical influence such as clusivity in the Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari, and to a lesser extent Sindhi languages, suggest that Dravidian languages were once spoken more widely across the Indian subcontinent.

Coulomb investigated the influence of four main factors on friction: the nature of the materials in contact and their surface coatings ; the extent of the surface area ; the normal pressure ( or load ); and the length of time that the surfaces remained in contact ( time of repose ).

As early as predynastic Egypt, an emblem known as a serekh was used to indicate the extent of influence of a particular regime, sometimes carved on ivory labels attached to trade goods, but also used to identify military allegiances and in a variety of other ways.

The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961.

Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil said Libya would become an Islamic democracy in the wake of Gaddafi's death, though the extent of Islamic law's influence would be determined by elected lawmakers.

The dynastic link to Poland resulted in religious, political and cultural ties and increase of Western influence among the native Lithuanian nobility, and to a lesser extent among the Ruthenian boyars from the East, Lithuanian subjects.

The extent of Lollardy in the general populace at this time is also unknown, but the prevalence of Protestant iconoclasm in England suggests Lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if Zwingli was not the source, as Lutherans did not advocate iconoclasm.

It is prohibited to operate a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug that affects driving ability to such an extent that you are unable to drive properly.

Because of the extent of human influence, the boundaries between what humans regard as nature and " made environments " is not clear cut except at the extremes.

The power of the general secretary was consolidated to the extent that he placed his clients in positions of power and influence.

# The Poznanski dialect, spoken in Poznań and to some extent in the whole region of the former Prussian annexation ( excluding upper Silesia ), with characteristic high tone melody and notable influence of the German language.

Its influence was feared in Germany to the extent that the government banned the film when it was released in the late 1920s.

The Prime Minister has weekly audiences with the Sovereign, whose rights are constitutionally limited " to warn, to encourage, and to be consulted "; the extent of the Sovereign's ability to influence the nature of the Prime Ministerial advice is unknown, but presumably varies depending upon the personal relationship between the Sovereign and the Prime Minister of the day.

According to the late 13th century chronicler Martin of Opava, Stephen VIII was described as being a German, who was elected pope due to the power and influence of his royal relative, the German king Otto I. Martin states that Otto ignored the will of the cardinals in imposing Stephen upon them, and because Stephen was hated for being a German, he was taken by supporters of Alberic II, who proceeded to maim and disfigure him to such an extent that Stephen was unable to appear in public again.

A correspondence of considerable extent and of great interest between Zachary and Saint Boniface, the apostle of Germany, survives, and shows how great was the influence of this pope on events in France and Germany.

In his preface to Jürgen Osterhammel's Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, Roger Tignor says, " For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence.

Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language ( for example, in informal situations the contraction annà replaces andare in the area of Rome for the infinitive " to go "; and nare is what Venetians say for the infinitive " to go ").

His influence was derived primarily from the following elements of his writing: his skillful depiction of historical characters using details of their speech, conversations, and actions ; his innovative use of informal, humorous, and varied language ( even Lu Xun ( 魯迅 ) regarded Shiji as " the historians ' most perfect song, a " Li Sao " without the rhyme "

In the 1741 general election his supporters secured an increase in votes in constituencies that were decided by mass electorates but failed to win in many pocket boroughs ( constituencies subject to the informal but strong influence of patrons ).

They often hold influence on decision-making through the informal processes of a colony's social framework.

He was appreciated by many ( including the Queen ) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others for his influence and informal manner.

* The influence of e-tools continues to grow and has seemingly encouraged the growth of informal learning throughout a person ’ s lifetime.

In Finland, the Finnish term hyvä veli-verkosto ( literally dear brother network ) is used to refer to the alleged informal network of men in high places whose members use their influence to pervert or circumvent official decision-making processes to the members ' mutual benefit.

The academy remained a wholly informal group, but one which had a great influence on Renaissance Neo-Platonism.

Notably, John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson in their 1953 article The Imperialism of Free Trade would argue that Hobson placed too much emphasis on the role of formal empire and directly ruled colonial possessions, not taking into account the significance of trading power, political influence and informal imperialism.

" Latrobe's circle of junior colleagues would prove to be an informal school of Greek revivalists, and it was his influence that was to shape the next generation of American architects.

Among the cultural aspects of corporate visual identity management, socialization – i. e., formal and informal learning processes – turned out to influence the consistency of a corporate visual identity.

Initially a small, informal group, Das Kleeblatt increased it influence in the Wiener Camera-Klub through its international connections, and several other organizations promoting pictorialism were created in other cities throughout the region.

The informal term " Soviet Empire " is used by critics of the Soviet Union to refer to that country's influence over a number of smaller nations during the Cold War.

He however did not raise this claim, staying content with informal influence in Germany.

The Bersaglieri adopted the fez as an informal headdress through the influence of the French Zouaves, with whom they served in the Crimean War.

The roots of this expletive derives from the influence and informal language British officers used during the dealing and training of soldiers in the Singapore Volunteer Corps and the early days of the Singapore Armed Forces.

In the latter, informal power and influence accrued to the family enables the family to continue to hold political power, often through open and contested elections.

Anthony Caro was among the first instructors there, and he exerted a strong influence, especially with students in his informal evening classes.

What is it about informal constraints that give them such a pervasive influence upon the long-run character of economies?

He participated in the Antigallican Association, an informal group opposed to French fashion and influence.

As the head of a leading mathematical institute, Vinogradov enjoyed significant influence in the Academy of Sciences and was regarded as an informal leader of Soviet mathematicians.

In practice however, all presidents have had informal influence on politics and society but mostly in a non-partisan way.

Described later as an " inner sanctum ", " an immense informal network of influence ", and by Jan Smuts as a " dangerous, cunning, political fascist organization ", in 1920 Jong Zuid Afrika now restyled as the Afrikaner Broederbond, was a grouping of 37 white men of Afrikaner ethnicity, Afrikaans language, and the Calvinist Dutch Reformed faith, who shared cultural, semi-religious, and deeply political objectives based on traditions and experiences dating back to the arrival of Dutch white settlers, French Huguenots, and Germans at the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries and including the dramatic events of the Great Trek in the 1830s and 40's.