* Dassow ( von ), G. & Munro, E., 1999, « Modularity in Animal Development and Evolution: Elements of a Conceptual Framework for EvoDevo », Journal of Experimental Zoology B ( Mol Dev Evol ), 285, p. 307-325.

* TRAM ( genetic ), genetic systems that have the features of non-mendelian inheritance Turnover, Redundancy And Modularity

), Modularity in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language Understanding.

In 2006, Cisco has made available IOS Software Modularity which extends the QNX microkernel into a more traditional IOS environment, but still providing the software upgrade capabilities that customers are demanding.

* Maintainability has new subcharacteristics of Modularity ( changed in one component has a minimal impact on others ) and Reusability, and Changeability and Stability are rolled up into Modifiability.

Urban tram networks exist in Antwerp ( the Antwerp Pre-metro ), Ghent and Brussels ( the Brussels trams ), and are gradually being extended.

While most urban and suburban transport in Bulgaria is composed of buses ( using an increasing number of CNG vehicles ), around a dozen cities also have trolley bus networks.

In wireless networks, a beacon is a type of frame which is sent by the access point ( or wifi router ), to indicate that is on.

* Hacker ( computer security ), the defeating of security devices in computer networks

When covalent bonds link long chains of atoms in large molecules, however ( as in polymers such as nylon ), or when covalent bonds extend in networks though solids that are not composed of discrete molecules ( such as diamond or quartz or the silicate minerals in many types of rock ) then the structures that result may be both strong and tough, at least in the direction oriented correctly with networks of covalent bonds.

Regional transportation networks have also changed significantly in recent decades with port modernizations, with new expressways and ongoing arterial highway construction, the abandonment of various low-capacity railway branchlines ( including the entire railway system of Prince Edward Island and southwestern Nova Scotia ), and the construction of the Canso Causeway and the Confederation Bridge.

Examples for tools relate to database design, application programming, application program maintenance, database performance analysis and monitoring, database configuration monitoring, DBMS hardware configuration ( a DBMS and related database may span computers, networks, and storage units ) and related database mapping ( especially for a distributed DBMS ), storage allocation and database layout monitoring, storage migration, etc.

Examples for tools relate to database design, application programming, application program maintenance, database performance analysis and monitoring, database configuration monitoring, DBMS hardware configuration ( a DBMS and related database may span computers, networks, and storage units ) and related database mapping ( especially for a distributed DBMS ), storage allocation and database layout monitoring, storage migration, etc.

Mobile networks are diverse and include GSM 850 MHz ( largest ) as well as CDMA ( Bell South's old network before being acquired by Telefónica Spain which rebranded Movistar ), TDMA63.

In addition to Egyptian programming, the Middle East Broadcast Company, a Saudi television station transmitting from London ( MBC ), Arab Radio and Television ( ART ), Al-Jazeera television, and other Gulf stations as well as Western networks such as CNN and BBC, provide access to more international programs to Egyptians who own satellite receivers.

; International: landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 AND SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks ; linked to the international submarine cable FLAG ( Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe ); satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat ( Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean ), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat ; tropospheric scatter to Sudan ; microwave radio relay to Israel ; a participant in Medarabtel

Electrical networks that consist only of sources ( voltage or current ), linear lumped elements ( resistors, capacitors, inductors ), and linear distributed elements ( transmission lines ) can be analyzed by algebraic and transform methods to determine DC response, AC response, and transient response.

Encryption is also used to protect data in transit, for example data being transferred via networks ( e. g. the Internet, e-commerce ), mobile telephones, wireless microphones, wireless intercom systems, Bluetooth devices and bank automatic teller machines.

Among concrete examples of Modern human behavior, anthropologists include specialization of tools, use of jewellery and images ( such as cave drawings ), organization of living space, rituals ( for example, burials with grave gifts ), specialized hunting techniques, exploration of less hospitable geographical areas, and barter trade networks.

In spite of the closure of most of France's tram systems in earlier years, a fast growing number of France's major cities have modern tram or light rail networks, including Paris, Lyon ( Lyon having the biggest one ), Toulouse, Montpellier, Saint-Étienne, Strasbourg and Nantes.

This work indicates that Freenet can find data in hops on a small-world network ( which includes both opennet and darknet style Freenet networks ), when ignoring the caching which could improve the scalability for popular content.

These were densified into networks of traverses ( polygons ), into which local mapping surveying measurements, usually with measuring tape, corner prism and the familiar red and white poles, are tied.

GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communications, originally ), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) to describe protocols for second generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.

Through links to research networks in other regions ( such as Internet2 and ESnet in the USA, TEIN in Asia-Pacific and RedCLARA in Latin America ), GÉANT allows collaboration between researchers on a global scale, reaching over 60 NRENs outside of Europe.

** Hacker ( computer security ), to access computer networks, legally or otherwise

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

* 8 p. m. EDT: Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music, a tribute to John Lennon that became a concert of prayer and healing for New York City to benefit the relief efforts, hosted by Kevin Spacey and featuring Dave Matthews, Moby, Stone Temple Pilots, Nelly Furtado, Shelby Lynne, Alanis Morissette, Cyndi Lauper, The Isley Brothers, Lou Reed, Marc Anthony, Natalie Merchant, Yolanda Adams, Sean Lennon and Yoko Ono, is held at Radio City Music Hall and simultaneously broadcast live on the TNT and WB networks.

* Peer ( or swap ) – Two networks exchange traffic between each other's customers freely, and for mutual benefit.

Peering involves two networks coming together to exchange traffic with each other freely, and for mutual benefit.

However, because of the resources required to provision each private peer, many networks are unwilling to provide private peering to " small " networks, or to " new " networks who have not yet proven that they will provide a mutual benefit.

By definition, peering is the voluntary and free exchange of traffic between two networks, for mutual benefit.

If one or both networks believes that there is no longer a mutual benefit, they may decide to cease peering: this is known as depeering.

The government ’ s broadband initiative for 2009-2010 had the following two aims: ( i ) the connection of up to 1. 5 million homes and businesses to the new fibre networks enabling them to benefit from improvements in high-speed Internet, TV and voice services ; ( ii ) the achievement of 50 per cent broadband penetration among households by 2010.

Second generation providers, such as Skype have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience, while denying their users the ability to call out to other networks.

Ad-hoc wireless networks can also benefit from quorum sensing, by allowing the system to detect and respond to network conditions.

This includes support for students, single parents, the unemployed, distressed people and the elderly who benefit from counseling hotlines, info-line services for Medilink and networks to help find employment.

Both networks are extensive and benefit from tourism.

It has been suggested that the next evolutionary step after knowledge economy is the network economy, where the relatively localized knowledge is now being shared among and across various networks for the benefit of the network members as a whole, to gain economic of scale in a wider, more open scale.

When dealing with the complex networks of interactions presented by ecosystems, one cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species.

Organizations can also benefit from the expansion of networks in that having ties with members of different organizations can help with specific issues.

In the 21st century, it continues to derive benefit from its proximity to Glasgow and to wider communication networks, particularly via the M74 motorway system.

Psychologists consider that there are various ways in which religion may benefit both physical and mental health, including encouraging healthy lifestyles, providing social support networks and encouraging an optimistic outlook on life ; prayer and meditation may also help to benefit physiological functioning.

* In the study of networks, modularity ( networks ) is a benefit function that measures the quality of a division of a network into groups or communities.

It also stood to benefit the networks because they reduced the risk associated with purchasing the broadcast rights outright.