Abbas II was the great-great-grandson of Muhammad Ali,

Sultan Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud-din II of Sambas in Kalimantan was executed in 1944.

Jaivana | Jaivan Cannon-World's largest Cannon on wheels, which was cast in India during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah by his Kiladar, Jai Singh II.

The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154

* 1369-As the Civil War in Castile came to an end, with the murder of king Peter I by the pretender Henry ( to be known as Henry II ), the Nasrid king of Granada, Muhammad V, former ally of Peter, took over Algeciras.

Various princes and Seljuk rulers attempted to rule parts of the country until the Shah Muhammad II of the Khwarezmid Empire conquered all of Persia in 1205.

Some notable mathematicians include Archimedes of Syracuse, Leonhard Euler, Carl Gauss, Johann Bernoulli, Jacob Bernoulli, Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Nilakantha Somayaji, Omar Khayyám, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Andrey Kolmogorov, Euclid of Alexandria, Jules Henri Poincaré, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Alexander Grothendieck, David Hilbert, Alan Turing, von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Georg Cantor, William Rowan Hamilton, Carl Jacobi, Évariste Galois, Nikolay Lobachevsky, Rene Descartes, Joseph Fourier, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Alonzo Church, Nikolay Bogolyubov and Pierre de Fermat.

no: Muhammad II

* 1736 – 1738: Abdu ' llah Sidi Muhammad II

The geographical text of Muhammad al-Idrisi, compiled for the Norman King of Sicily Roger II in 1154 mentions itriyya manufactured and exported from Norman Sicily:

* Abu Salim Ali II overthrows Muhammad II as Said as ruler of the Merinid Dynasty in present-day Morocco.

* Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Ferdinand II and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos (' The Catholic Monarchs '), after the last battle of the Granada War.

* Muhammad II as Said becomes ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco after the assassination of Abu Inan Faris.

In a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006, Pope Benedict XVI quoted from a dialogue believed to have occurred in 1391 between Manuel II and a Persian scholar and recorded in a book by Manuel II ( Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian ) in which the Emperor stated: " Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.

The last Muslim ruler of Granada, Muhammad XII, better known as Boabdil, surrendered his kingdom to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs, los Reyes Católicos.

Muhammad ibn ' Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II.

The son of Abbad II, Muhammad al-Mu ' tamid ( 1069-1091 ) — who reigned by the title of Al-Mu ' tamid — was the third and last of the Abbadids.

Inside the Mausoleum itself are the remains of the last four sultans, Haji Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ( 1950 – 1967 ), who died in 1986, Ahmad Tajuddin Ibnu Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam ( 1924 – 1950 ), Muhammad Jamalul Alam Ibnu Sultan Hashim ( 1906 – 1924 ), and Hashim Jalilul Alam Putera Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II ( 1885 – 1906 ).

* Sikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III as Sultan of Delhi.

* Four-year-old Muhammad as-Said succeeds his father, Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I, as Marinid Sultan of Morocco.

* Qara Muhammad succeeds Bairam Khawaja as ruler of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire in present day Armenia and northern Iraq.

* Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeds his father Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq as Sultan of Delhi.

* ' Abdullah ibn Muhammad succeeds al-Mundhir as emir of Córdoba, Spain.

In Granada, Abu Hallaj Yusuf is assassinated ; his son Muhammad V succeeds him.

Crown Prince Bahr succeeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.

His brother Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq ( Muhammad I ) succeeds him.

Tabari, the most famous Muslim historian, in his Ta ' rikh quotes from Muhammad Bin Sa ' ad Bin Abi Waqqas, who said: " I asked my father whether Abu Bakr was the first of the Muslims.

I testify that Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah .” This turned the Greek cathedral into a Turkish mosque, solidifying Turkish rule in Constantinople.

Muslims declare the shahada, or testimony: " I bear witness that there is no god but ( the One ) God ( Allah ), and I bear witness that Muhammad is God's messenger.

Kalima is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: La ' ilaa-ha ' il-lal-laa-hu mu-ham-ma-dur ra-soo-lul-laah " I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah and Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger.

In one of the sayings of Muhammad, in the collection of Imam Bukhari, it says that Muhammad said " One should not say that I am better than Jonah ".

From Muhammad IV ( 1859 – 1873 ) and Hassan I ( 1873 – 1894 ) the Alaouites tried to foster trading links, above all with European countries and the United States.

Most Muslims accept as a Muslim anyone who has publicly pronounced the Shahadah ( declaration of faith ) which states, " I testify that there is no god except for the God, and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.

* 680 – Battle of Karbala: Hussain bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I.

Shahanshah Al-Sultan al -' Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala Hazrat Abu ' l-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Padshah Ghazi Zillu ' llah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahanshah — E -- Sultanant Ul Hindiya Wal Mughaliya

* Muhammad I of Córdoba, leader of the Umayyad dynasty

The tomb of Prophet Muhammad later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I.

The Caliph of Tunis, Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance with the fall of Manfred.

When the Hafsid Emir of Tunisia, Muhammad I al-Mustansir, who had put himself under James the Conqueror, died in 1277, Tunisia threw off the yoke of Aragonese suzerainty.

" Prophet Muhammad responded " A worshipper says, ' I have prayed and prayed, and I don't yet see that it will be accepted ; so he gives up hope of being answered, and leaves du ' a '.

" Prophet Muhammad responded " A worshipper says, ' I have prayed and prayed, and I don't yet see that it will be accepted ; so he gives up hope of being answered, and leaves du ' a '.