* The flag of Turkey, which is very similar to last flag of the old Ottoman Empire, has been an inspiration for the flag designs of many other Muslim nations.

By the mid-13th century Emirate of Granada was the only independent Muslim realm in Spain, which would last until 1492.

Where other peoples may look to the physical or social sciences for answers in areas which their ancestors regarded as best left to scripture, in the Muslim world, religion has become more encompassing, not less, as " in the last few decades, it has been the fundamentalists who have increasingly represented the cutting edge of the culture ".

* 2006 – A stampede during the Stoning of the Devil ritual on the last day at the Hajj in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills at least 362 Muslim pilgrims.

Towards 1068, Hummay, a member of the Sayfawa establishment, who was already a Muslim, discarded the last Duguwa king Selma from power and thus established the new dynasty of the Sayfawa.

Thus, " the onus of being the last ' People of the Book ' engendered an ethos of " early on and the establishment of important book repositories throughout the Muslim world has occurred ever since.

During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques within the Muslim community will host Iʿtikāf, a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate.

Tyre, on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, was the last major Crusader city that was not captured by Muslim forces ( strategically, it would have made more sense for Saladin to capture Tyre before Jerusalem — however, Saladin chose to pursue Jerusalem first because of the importance of the city to Islam ).

In that year, the last Muslim government north of the straits was overthrown by a Spanish force.

The Alhambra's Islamic palaces were built for the last Muslim Emirs in Spain and its court, of the Nasrid dynasty.

* January 2 – Boabdil, the last Moorish Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of Ferdinand and Isabella after a lengthy siege, ending the 10-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista which brought an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.

* Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, invents the astronomical sextant and first states a special case of Fermat's last theorem.

* The Almohad army conquers the last independent Muslim stronghold in Spain, Grenada, after six years of siege.

* From North Africa, Musa bin Nusair reinforces last year's Muslim invasion of Iberia.

Early Muslim chronicler Ibn Ishaq tells of a pre-Islamic conflict between the last Yemenite king of the Himyarite Kingdom and the residents of Yathrib.

* Syracuse, the last Muslim stronghold in Sicily, is conquered by the Normans.

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Ferdinand II and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos (' The Catholic Monarchs '), after the last battle of the Granada War.

* August – Abdallah, son of the Aghlabid emir Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in Sicily.

On January 2, 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in Granada surrendered to armies of a recently united Christian Spain ( after the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs ).

The Muslim population of the US has increased greatly in the last one hundred years, with much of the growth driven by widespread conversion.

The coins were of Persian origin, and had an image of the last Persian emperor, Muslim added the sentence Bismillah to it.

In 2005, the edifice was rebuilt by the family of one of the last remaining Muslim of the area.

* 1945 – Puyi, the last Chinese emperor and ruler of Manchukuo, is captured by Soviet troops.

* 30 BC – Cleopatra VII Philopator, the last ruler of the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty, commits suicide, allegedly by means of an asp bite.

It is important to note that Alexander was the last known ruler of the Gediminids dynasty to have maintained the family's ancestral Lithuanian language.

He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest.

Andriscus, (-Andriskos ) and often called the " pseudo-Philip ", was the last King of Macedon ( 149 BC – 148 BC ), and ruler of Adramyttium in Aeolis ( in western Anatolia ).

* 1526 – The last ruler of the Lodi Dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi is defeated and killed by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat.

However, Albert inherited the Margraviate of Brandenburg from its last Wendish ruler, Pribislav, in 1157, and became the first Ascanian margrave.

The vision in first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus ( 9: 1 ) concerning seventy weeks, or seventy " sevens ", apportioned for the history of the Israelites and of Jerusalem ( 9: 24 ) This consists of a meditation on the prediction in Jeremiah that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years, a lengthy prayer by Daniel in which he pleads for God to restore Jerusalem and its temple, and an angelic explanation which focuses on a longer time period-" seventy sevens "-and a future restoration and destruction of city and temple by a coming ruler.

In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.

The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon ( 6th century BC ) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler, Nabonidus ( and his son and regent Belshazzar ) was known to be from Assyria.

The last ruler of a dynasty is always castigated as evil even if that was not the case.

Shah Shujah Durrani | Shah Shujah became the last Durrani dynasty | Durrani ruler, who first reigned between 1803 and 1809, and again from 1839 to 1842.

Ptolemy Apion, the last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as a Roman province.

The last ruler of the Hotaki dynasty, Shah Hussain, ruled southern Afghanistan until 1738 when the Afsharids and the Abdali Pashtuns defeated him at Kandahar.

In Baghdad he found Abu Sa ' id, the last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue.

On his way to Basra he passed through the Strait of Hormuz, where he learned that Abu Sa ' id, last ruler of the Ilkhanate Dynasty had died in Persia.

He was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire and it was his desire to bring the Empire back to its ancient Roman values in order to save it from dissolution.

Charles was the first ruler of Luxembourg to descend from both sisters, daughters of Elisabeth of Bohemia, the last Luxembourg empress.

Adelchis regarded himself as the true successor of the Lombard kings and in that capacity he amended the Edictum Rothari, the last Lombard ruler to do so.

* The 1st Kirata King Kushal laid the foundation of the Kirata dynasty after defeating the last ruler of the Abhira dynasty.

The last King of the Kirat dynasty was Gasti, a weak ruler, who is said to have been overthrown by the Somavanshi ruler Nimisha.

Vijaykama Deva was the last ruler of this dynasty.

Owain Glyndŵr (), or Owain Glyn Dŵr, ( c. 1349 or 1359 – c. 1416 ) was a Welsh ruler and the last native Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales.

The last known Indo-Greek ruler was Theodamas, from the Bajaur area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription " Su Theodamasa " (" Su " was the Greek transliteration of the Kushan royal title " Shau " (" Shah " or " King ")).