Chinese Islamic cuisine ( or ) is the cuisine of the Hui ( ethnic Chinese Muslims ) and other Muslims living in China.

It has been estimated by scholars such as Joshua Prawer and Meron Benvenisti that there were at most 120, 000 Franks and 100, 000 Muslims living in the cities, with another 250, 000 Muslim and Eastern Christian peasants in the countryside.

It was reported in early 900 AD that the rulers of Kabul were Muslims with non-Muslims living close by.

Not all Ottomans were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were Turks, but by 1923 the majority of people living within the borders of the new Turkish republic identified as Turks.

Western influence has been instrumental in eliminating the restrictions and protections of the dhimma contract, thereby contributing to the current state of relations between Muslims and non-Muslims living in Islamic lands.

The initial rule of the Moors in the Iberian peninsula under this Caliphate of Córdoba is regarded as tolerant in its acceptance of Christians, Muslims and Jews living in the same territories.

For instance, he said that Muslims in the Netherlands needed to accept living together with the Dutch, and that if this was unacceptable for them, then they were free to leave.

The Goa Inquisition discriminated Hindus who were living in the area, and persecuted Hindus, Muslims and Jews who had converted to Catholicism, but were being suspected of continuing their old faith in secret.

Muslims in the ' east ' continued to do philosophy, as is evident from the works of Ottoman scholars and especially those living in Muslim kingdoms within the territories of present day Iran and India, such as Shah Waliullah and Ahmad Sirhindi.

The multi-ethnic city is honored by UNESCO and famous for Muslims and Christians living side-by-side in peace.

Hasan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi ' i Muslims living across Iran.

Muslims in the state number about 5, 000-7, 000 with most of them living in Victoria de Durango.

In other words, the practice of the first three generation of Muslims who resided in Medina, i. e. the salaf or righteous predecessors form the normative practice of the " living sunnah " that was preserved from Muḥammad.

Bai argued for the need for increased awareness of Islam and Muslims by the Chinese population in general in 1937, since Muslims numbered 50 million in China alone, and western works were the only works available for non-Muslim Chinese to study Muslims living right with them in China.

Meron Benvenisti claimed there were 240 families living in the village, most of them Muslims, however, there were 100 Palestinian Christians.

In 1905, the city had a population of about 35, 000 ; of whom half were Greeks who were exchanged with Muslims living in Greece under the 1923 agreement for Exchange of Greek Orthodox and Muslim Populations between the two countries.

The majority of the region's population are Christians, mostly Catholics ; however, there are also Muslims, Buddhists, and Shintoists living in the region.

The indignation of the unconverted Mudéjares ( i. e., Iberian Muslims living in Christian territories ) swelled into open revolt known as the First Rebellion of the Alpujarras.

This is particularly true of Muslims who now find themselves living in non-Muslim countries.

It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4, 4 million Muslims living in the Balkan zone of Ottoman control.

Greek medicine was part of Greek culture, and Syrian Eastern Christians came in contact with it while the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) ruled Syria and Western Mesopotamia, regions that were conquered from Byzantium in the 7th century by Arab Muslims.

The only significant remaining minorities are the Muslims in Western Thrace ( about 100, 000 ) and a small Slavic-speaking minority in the north.

He believed that imitation of the early Muslims and the restoration of Sharia law were essential to Islam, that secular, Westernizing Muslims were actually agents of the West serving Western interests, and that the " plundering " of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Christian West.

Being a surprisingly tolerant and pluralistic society, even its army incorporated Jews, Christians, Muslims and Pagans at a time when religious warfare was the order of the day around the Mediterranean and in Western Europe.

The native Christians and Muslims, who were a marginalized lower class, tended to speak Greek and Arabic, while the crusaders spoke Latin, French, and other Western European languages.

* 732 – Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, the leader of the Franks, Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe.

Extremism: Extremists have used the Quran and their own particular version of sharia to justify acts of war and terror against Western individuals and governments, and also against other Muslims believed to have Western sympathies.

In the Middle East, rioting occurred between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem over access to the Western Wall.

Historically, the Castilian Kingdom and people were considered to be the main architects of the Spanish State by a process of expansion to the South against the Muslims and of marriages, wars, assimilation, and annexation of their smaller Eastern and Western neighbours.

Traditionally low vaccination rates in northern Nigeria dropped further in the early 2000s when radical preachers promoted a rumor that polio vaccines were a Western plot to sterilize Muslims and infect them with HIV.

The 1929 Palestine riots erupt due to a dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall.

The island's community of Muslims from North Western India, particularly Gujarat, and elsewhere is commonly referred to as Zarab.

His writings show him to be a student not only of Western philosophy but of controversy with Jews and Muslims, of the great Hesychast question ( he attacked Barlaam and defended the monks ; naturally, the Barlaamites were latinophrones, in short, of all the questions that were important in his time.

Western Europe had some access to ancient Greek philosophy through the Roman Catholic Church and the Muslims, but the Byzantines had many documents and interpretations that the Westerners had never seen before.

A perceived trend of increasing Islamophobia during the 2000s has been attributed by some commentators to the September 11 attacks, while others associate it with the rapidly growing Muslim populations in the Western world, especially in Western Europe, due to both immigration and high fertility rate. Moral panics and " racist " campaigns against Muslims have been increasing in Australia since the mid 1990s.

Most recently, various Muslim groups claim that some actions in Western countries following the September 11 attacks affecting Arabs, Muslims, or those mistaken for them have comprised a moral panic.

Since the political power shift in Western Europe ( Spain and Portugal ) from Muslim to Christian control, the Muslims naturally did not practice philosophy in Western Europe.

* In addition to being an Arabic name, Amir is also a common Muslim male name for both Arab and non-Arab Muslims, taken from Arabic just as the Western name Rex (" king ") is borrowed from Latin while Amira is a common Muslim female name.

More recently, the term dar al-Dawa has been proposed by Western Muslim philosophers to describe the status of Muslims in the West.

* Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, by Tariq Ramadan

It is used to date events in most of the Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals.

In 1939 Muslim leaders Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Ma Fuliang were sent by Chiang to several Middle eastern countries, including Egypt, Turkey, and Syria, to gain support for the Chinese War against Japan, and to express his support for Muslims.

As many as 12 million people Muslims leaving India for Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs opting to move to India from the new state of Pakistan which had been involved in the mass transfer of population between the two countries, and perhaps two million refugees had died in the violence that had accompanied the migrations in the borders of West Pakistan.

Osama bin Laden issued two fatwās — in 1996 and then again in 1998 — that Muslims should kill civilians and military personnel from the United States and allied countries until they withdraw support for Israel and withdraw military forces from Islamic countries.

A compulsory population exchange was agreed between the two countries, with over 1. 5 million Christians and almost half a million Muslims being uprooted.

It is used to date events in many Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper days on which to observe the annual fast ( see Ramadan ), to attend Hajj, and to celebrate other Islamic holidays and festivals.

Malmö has also the highest percentage of Muslims in Scandinavia, with ( 25 %) or 75, 000 people originating from Islamic countries.

About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim country, 25 % in South Asia, 20 % in the Middle East, 2 % in Central Asia, 4 % in the remaining South East Asian countries, and 15 % in Sub-saharan Africa.

Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host Eid prayers outside in courtyards, town squares or on the outskirts of town in an Eidgah.

Saudi citizens have also contributed significantly to mosques in the Islamic world, especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed.

In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are prohibited from loudly broadcasting the call to prayer ( adhan ), although it is supposed to be said loudly to the surrounding community.

However, the Christian majority of the past, constituting around 65 % of the population at one point, has been shrinking, while the number of Muslims has steadily increased to its present 45 % of the population due to immigration from Muslim countries.

When, therefore, Muslims hear about prophets of other peoples or other countries, they do not deny them.

Today, in most Muslim countries, zakat is collected through a decentralized and voluntary system, where eligible Muslims are expected to pay the zakat based on worship and love of God.

Atil was a multi-ethnic and religiously diverse city, inhabited by Jews, Christians, Muslims, Shamanists, and Pagans, many of them traders from foreign countries.

Some Muslims often regard adherents of the Bahá ' í faith as apostates from Islam, and there have been cases in some Muslim countries where Baha ' is have been harassed and persecuted.

He called on Muslims to assail the West, " cut the transportation of their countries, tear it apart, destroy their economy, burn their companies, eliminate their interests, sink their ships, shoot down their planes, kill them on the sea, air, or land ".

Zakaria Botros begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions.

" Muslims in these countries will often visit bazaars and shopping malls with their families for Eid shopping.

Robin Richardson, an original member of the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, at a 2009 symposium on " Islamophobia and Religious Discrimination ", said that " the disadvantages of the term Islamophobia are significant " on seven different grounds, including that it implies it is merely a " severe mental illness " affecting " only a tiny minority of people "; that use of the term makes those to whom it is applied " defensive and defiant " and absolves the user of " the responsibility of trying to understand them " or trying to change their views ; that it implies that hostility to Muslims is divorced from factors such as skin color, immigrant status, fear of fundamentalism, or political or economic conflicts ; that it conflates prejudice against Muslims in one's own country with dislike of Muslims in countries with which the West is in conflict ; that it fails to distinguish between people who are against all religion from people who dislike Islam specifically ; and that the actual issue being described is hostility to Muslims, " an ethno-religious identity within European countries ", rather than hostility to Islam.