The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization, in what is present-day Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria ( modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium ) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna ( where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls ).

The last person known to have been able to read Etruscan was the Roman emperor Claudius ( 10 BC – AD 54 ), the author of a treatise in twenty volumes on the Etruscans, Tyrrenikà ( now lost ), who compiled a dictionary ( also lost ) by interviewing the last few elderly rustics who still spoke the language.

The Etruscans ' objets d ' art are of incalculable value, causing a brisk black market and equally brisk law enforcement effort, as it is against the law to remove objects from Etruscan tombs unless authorized by the Italian government.

Though Etruscans preferred to show the goddess as a nurturer ( Kourotrophos ) rather than an abductor of young men, the late Archaic sculptural acroterion from Etruscan Cære, now in Berlin, showing the goddess in archaic running pose adapted from the Greeks, and bearing a boy in her arms, has commonly been identified as Eos and Cephalus.

The Etruscans, who paired Ariadne with Dionysus, never with Theseus, offered an alternative Etruscan view of the Minotaur, never seen in Greek arts: on an Etruscan red-figure wine-cup of the early-to-mid fourth century Pasiphaë tenderly cradles an infant Minotaur on her knee.

The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans, for a parma ( circular shield ) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and Parmeal, Parmni and Parmnial are names that appear in Etruscan inscriptions.

In the immediate surroundings, it is supposed there was a temple in honour of Feronia, an Etruscan deity, goddess of the waters ; this would prove the presence of Etruscans in his area at the time of Nuragici people.

However, the Etruscans had taken over ⟨ Χ ⟩ from western Greek, and it therefore stands for in Etruscan and Latin.

* 474 BC: Battle of Cumae — The Syracusans under Hiero I defeat the Etruscans and end Etruscan expansion in southern Italy.

Rome was founded within or adjacent to Etruscan territory, and there is considerable evidence that early Rome was dominated by Etruscans until the Romans sacked Veii in 396 BC.

When Etruscan settlements turned up south of the border, it was presumed that the Etruscans spread there after the foundation of Rome, but the settlements are now known to have preceded Rome.

Later history relates that some Etruscans lived in the Tuscus vicus, the “ Etruscan quarter ”, and that there was an Etruscan line of kings ( albeit ones descended from a Greek, Demaratus the Corinthian ) which succeeded kings of Latin and Sabine origin.

Some cities were founded by Etruscans in prehistoric times, and bore entirely Etruscan names.

The Etruscans are believed to have spoken a non-Indo-European language ; the majority consensus is that Etruscan is related only to other members of what is called the Tyrsenian language family, which in itself is an isolate family, that is, unrelated directly to other known language groups.

The Etruscans were the chief enemies of the Umbri, and the Etruscan invasion went from the western seaboard towards the north and east ( lasting from about 700 to 500 BC ), eventually driving the Umbrians towards the Apenninic uplands and capturing 300 Umbrian towns.

Remarkable is that, even though the Etruscans imported, manufactured, and exported amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and even though other Greek vase names were Etruscanized, no Etruscan form of the word exists.

Rome adopts the Etruscan alphabet, which the Etruscans themselves had adopted from the Greeks.

The territory around Modena ( Latin: Mutina, Etruscan: Mutna ) was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans, and the Gaulish Boii ( the settlement itself being Etruscan ).

Mass Celtic incursions into the Po valley resulted in friction between the Gauls and Etruscans and intermarriage, attested by epigraphic inscriptions on which Etruscan and Celtic names appear together.

* Hiero I, tyrant of Sicily, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of Cumae, defeat the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae in Italy.

Some scholars also see in Urartian art, architecture, language, and general culture traces of kinship to the Etruscans of the Italian peninsula.

The Etruscans in Italy were, from their earliest period, greatly influenced by their contact with Greek culture and religion, but they retained their wooden temples ( with some exceptions ) until their culture was completely absorbed into the Roman world, with the great wooden Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol in Rome itself being a good example.

The ancient people of Etruria are labelled Etruscans, and their complex culture was centered on numerous city-states that rose during the Villanovan period in the ninth century BC and were very powerful during the Orientalizing and Archaic periods.

The Etruscans were a dominant culture in Italy by 650 BC, surpassing other ancient Italic peoples such as the Ligures, and their influence may be seen beyond Etruria's confines in the Po River Valley and Latium, as well as in Campania and through their contact with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy ( including Sicily ).

The Etruscans were a diachronically continuous population, with a distinct language and culture during the period of earliest European writing, in the Mediterranean Iron Age in the second half of the first millennium B. C.

As in the preceding culture, the richly ornamented pottery is very characteristic, while many aspects such as the metal-working, burial customs and religion are strongly influenced by its neighbours, primarily the Etruscans and Celts.

Although Polybius says the Etruscans were expelled, he meant perhaps selectively, as Etruscan culture continued in the area until assimilated to the Roman.

Another hypothesis connecting the Tyrrhenians and the Eruscans posits that the Etruscans derive at least partially from a 12th century BC invasion from the Aegean and Anatolia imposing itself over the Italic Villanovan culture, with some scholars claiming a relationship or at least evidence of close contact between the Anatolian languages and the Etruscan language.

There is no archaeological evidence from material culture of such a cultural shift, but adherents of this latter school of thought point to the legend of Lydian origin of the Etruscans referred to by Herodotus, and the statement of Livy that the Raetians were Etruscans driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls.

Labirynt nad morzem consists mainly of essays devoted to ancient Greek culture and history, as well as in a lesser degree to the Etruscans and the Roman legionnaires from Hadrian ’ s Wall.

In Tuscany and in part of Emilia-Romagna the proto-villanovan culture was followed by the Villanovan Culture, often associated with the non-indoeuropean Etruscans.

The Romans may have seen the first dining klinai as used by the Etruscans but may have refined the practice when they later came to closer contact with the Greek culture.

CI consists of a dedicated corps of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8, 000 people each year.

The LINC proved to attract intense interest in the scientific community, and has since been referred to as the first real minicomputer, a machine that was small and inexpensive enough to be dedicated to a single task even in a small lab.

The database research area has several notable dedicated academic journals ( e. g., ACM Transactions on Database Systems-TODS, Data and Knowledge Engineering-DKE, and more ) and annual conferences ( e. g., ACM SIGMOD, ACM PODS, VLDB, IEEE ICDE, and more ), as well as an active and quite heterogeneous ( subject-wise ) research community all over the world.

With Dewey as the director and his wife as principal, the University of Chicago Laboratory school, was dedicated “ to discover in administration, selection of subject-matter, methods of learning, teaching, and discipline, how a school could become a cooperative community while developing in individuals their own capacities and satisfy their own needs .” ( Cremin, 136 ) For Dewey the two key goals of developing a cooperative community and developing individuals ’ own capacities were not at odds ; they were necessary to each other.

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OS / 2 still maintains a small and dedicated community of followers, but overall, OS / 2 failed to catch on in the mass market and is little used outside certain niches where IBM traditionally had a stronghold.

In 1575 he gave official status to the Congregation of the Oratory, a community of priests without vows, dedicated to prayer and preaching ( founded by Saint Filippo Neri ).

* Rachael's Centre for Torah, Musar & Ethics An online learning community dedicated to Pluralistic Jewish learning through a female lens

The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the " Maple Leaf Rag " and a string of ragtime hits that followed, although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s.

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Cyril and Methodius, a Roman Catholic women's religious community of pontifical rite dedicated to apostolic works of ecumenism, education, evangelization, and elder care.

In a passing way presents the community of Thélème, which while serving to poke fun at monastic institutions, can also be seen as an ideal society dedicated to the cultivation of love.

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St. Bonifatius, the first church for the Catholic community after the Reformation, was built from 1845 until 1849 by Philipp Hoffmann in Gothic Revival style and dedicated to Saint Boniface.

He returned the community to the original Benedictine ideal of work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance.

By 1111 the ranks had grown sufficiently at Cîteaux, and Stephen sent a group of 12 monks to start a " daughter house ", a new community dedicated to the same ideals of the strict observance of Saint Benedict.

Commonwealth Gardens is a 501 ( c ) 3 organization dedicated to the formation of community gardens and school gardens in the Frankfort and Franklin County area.

The community has dedicated several Web sites, message boards and online magazines to the language.

Philippa of Toulouse persuaded her husband William IX, Duke of Aquitaine to grant Robert of Abrissel land in Northern Poitou to establish a religious community dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

A Bacchic community shrine dedicated to Liber Pater was established in Cosa ( in modern Tuscany ), probably during the 4th century AD.

Record producer J Dilla produced the hip hop track " Thelonious " on rapper Common's album Like Water For Chocolate dedicated to Monk's music and memory and the influence of jazz on the underground hip hop community.

In addition to the formation of a community of high-achieving peers and success student perks, a dedicated academic development specialist provides one-on-one support with scholarship and post-degree applications, as well as with each student's overall academic plan.