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* Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as Emperor and King of Burgundy, replaced by Frederick II ( King of the Romans 1212 – 1250 ).
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Otto and IV
Philip Augustus of France defeated an army consisting of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers, led by Otto IV of Germany.
He thus broke allegiance with Philip and assembled a broad coalition including Emperor Otto IV, King John I of England, Duke Henry I of Brabant, Count William I of Holland, Duke Theobald I of Lorraine, and Duke Henry III of Limburg.
The campaign was designed by John, who was the fulcrum of the alliances ; his plan being to draw the French away from Paris southward against himself and keep him occupied, while the main army, under Emperor Otto IV, marched on Paris from the north.
Philip of Swabia, elected German king in 1198, changed the coat of arms, and the lion was replaced by three leopards, probably derived from the arms of his Welf rival Otto IV.
In 1198, two rival kings were chosen: the Hohenstaufen Philip of Swabia and the son of the deprived Duke Henry the Lion, the Welf Otto IV.
If Philip II Augustus supported Philip of Swabia, member of the House of Hohenstaufen, then Richard Lionheart supported Otto IV, member of the House of Welf.
Otto IV had the upper hand and became the Holy Roman Emperor at the expense of Philip of Swabia.
In an additional aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines, John's ally Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV was overthrown by Frederick II, member of the House of Hohenstaufen and ally of Philip.
By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with Renault of Dammartin, who controlled Boulogne, and Count Ferdinand of Flanders, as well as Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany ; Otto was also John's nephew.
* 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV
* 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates German leader Otto IV.
Otto IV of Brunswick ( 1175 – May 19, 1218 ) was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on, sole king from 1208 on, and emperor from 1209 on.
In early 940, Stephen intervened on behalf of Louis IV of France, who had been trying to bring to heel his rebellious dukes, Hugh the Great and Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, both of whom had appealed for support from the German king Otto I.
Finally, Stephen ’ s intervention on behalf of the Frankish king Louis IV ( who was in conflict with Otto ) would not have occurred had Stephen been a relative of the German king, and had Stephen received the papal throne through Otto ’ s intervention.
In 1201, the pope openly espoused the side of Otto IV, whose family had always been opposed to the house of Hohenstaufen.
On 3 July 1201, the papal legate, Cardinal-Bishop Guido of Palestrina announced to the people, in the cathedral of Cologne, that Otto IV had been approved by the pope as Roman king and threatened with excommunication all those who refused to acknowledge him.
Some of these grants were later confirmed by Henry VI, Otto IV and Frederick II.
Then in 1198, Henry the Holy Roman Emperor died, and his successor was to be Otto IV, Richard's nephew, who in turn put additional pressure on Philip.
In 1208, Philip of Swabia, the successful candidate for becoming the next emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was assassinated, meaning that the imperial crown was given to his rival, Otto IV, the nephew of King John.
John was to advance from the Loire ( river ), while his ally Otto IV made a simultaneous attack from Flanders, together with the Count of Flanders.
Most importantly, he managed to secure the Welf inheritance in Saxony for his nephew, Henry the Lion's son Otto of Poitou, who was elected Otto IV of Germany in 1198.
Otto and Holy
* 982 – Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
Saint Adelaide of Italy ( 931 / 932 – 16 December 999 ), also called Adelaide of Burgundy, was the second wife of Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor.
Among their children, four lived to maturity: Henry, born in 952 ; Bruno, born 953 ; Matilda, the first Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg, born about 954 ; and Otto II, later Holy Roman Emperor, born 955.
In 951, Adelaide was married to King Otto I, the future Holy Roman Emperor.
* Otto II-born 955, Holy Roman Emperor
In the aftermath of the battle, Otto retreated to his castle of Harzburg and was soon overthrown as Holy Roman Emperor, and replaced by Frederick II.
He is rumored to have been a relative of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III.
Hugh was crowned at Noyon on 3 July 987 with the full support from Holy Roman Emperor Otto III.
The publication of the book Crusade against the Grail by the young German Otto Rahn in the 1930s rekindled interest in the connection between the Cathars and the Holy Grail.
A statue in the Cathedral of Magdeburg that is often assumed to represent Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor | Otto and Edith
Edith of England () ( 910 – 26 January 946 ), also spelt Eadgyth or Ædgyth, was the daughter of Edward the Elder, and the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Nothing is known of her until in order to seal an alliance between two Saxon kingdoms, her half-brother, King Athelstan of England, sent two of his sisters to Germany, instructing the Duke of Saxony ( later Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor ) to choose whichever one pleased him best.
From the time of Otto the Great onward, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire.
* 962 – Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor in nearly 40 years.
In 973, twelve illustrious Magyar envoys, whom probably Géza had assigned, participated in the Diet held by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.
In 983, when Henry II, Duke of Bavaria rebelled against the then child Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, the Magyars occupied Melk.
In 962, Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state.
In 936, Otto I the Great was crowned as king at Aachen ; his coronation as emperor by the Pope at Rome in 962 inaugurated what became later known as the Holy Roman Empire, which became to be identified with Germany.
In 962 Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor (), although the Roman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne by the Pope in 800.
When Otto died in 1218, Fredrick became the undisputed ruler, and in 1220 was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
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