* Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), famous for its explicit ethnocentrism, considers Western civilization as the most accomplished of all, while Kant also allowed some traces of racialism to enter his work.

A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ( 1817 – 1830 ) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of " mutual recognition.

Hegel, for example, stated in his Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit that a subject is constituted by " the process of reflectively mediating itself with itself.

Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit.

Hegel himself, however, in his seminal " The Phenomenology of Spirit " argues for a more complicated theory of tragedy, with two complementary branches which, though driven by a single dialectical principle, differentiate Greek tragedy from that which follows Shakespeare.

Although previously employed by Hegel in his Phenomenology of Spirit, it was Husserl ’ s adoption of this term ( circa 1900 ) that propelled it into becoming the designation of a philosophical school.

Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ) challenged Kant's doctrine of the unknowable thing-in-itself, and declared that by knowing phenomena more fully we can gradually arrive at a consciousness of the absolute and spiritual truth of Divinity, most notably in his Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, published in 1807.

Earlier in the history of philosophy, in The Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), G. F. W.

After Kant, Hegel developed a complex theodicy in the Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), which based its conception of history on dialectics: the negative ( wars, etc.

The Right Hegelians followed the master in believing that the dialectic of history had come to an end ( Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit reveals itself to be the culmination of history as the reader reaches its end ).

# Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – Phenomenology of Spirit ; Philosophy of Right ; Lectures on the Philosophy of History

* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel-The Phenomenology of Spirit

In his major work The Phenomenology of Spirit he went on to trace the formation of self-consciousness through history and the importance of other people in the awakening of self-consciousness ( see master-slave dialectic ).

Hegel developed in The Science of Logic and The Phenomenology of Spirit ; other intellectual influences upon Capital were the French socialists Charles Fourier, Comte de Saint-Simon, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ; and the Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle.

The German philosopher Hegel, who was then a professor at the University of Jena, is said to have completed his chef d ' œuvre, the Phenomenology of Spirit, while the battle raged.

" ( Partridge ) The term is first found in the title of the work of the influential philosopher of German Idealism, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, entitled The Phenomenology of Spirit.

Instead of philosophy being located on top of the pyramid of knowledge, as in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, it becomes a simple tool for rationalism and sciences.

* The Phenomenology of Spirit

# Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – The Phenomenology of Spirit ; Science of Logic ; Elements of the Philosophy of Right ; Lectures on the Philosophy of History

His work The Phenomenology of Spirit was a study of how various types of writing and thinking draw from and re-combine with the individual and group experiences of various places and times, influencing the current forms of knowledge and worldviews that are operative in a population.

The argument for this claim draws heavily on Hegel's great work, the Phenomenology of Spirit.

It is translated as The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind due to the dual meaning in the German word Geist.

* " Philosophy as Rigorous Science ", translated in Quentin Lauer, editor, 1965 Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy.

* Jean-Luc Marion translated by Jeffrey L. Kosky, " Being Given: Toward a Phenomenology of Giveness ", Stanford University Press, 2002 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, ( cloth: alk.

Under the influence of this doctrine, and of Phenomenology, the Hungarian-born German sociologist Karl Mannheim ( 1893 – 1947 ) gave impetus to the growth of the sociology of knowledge with his Ideologie und Utopie ( 1929, translated and extended in 1936 as Ideology and Utopia ), although the term had been introduced five years earlier by the co-founder of the movement, the German philosopher, phenomenologist and social theorist Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ), in Versuche zu einer Soziologie des Wissens ( 1924, Attempts at a Sociology of Knowledge ).

A smaller work, titled Philosophy of Spirit ( also translated as " Philosophy of Mind "), appears in Hegel's Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, and recounts in briefer and somewhat altered form the major themes of the original Phenomenology.

* Phenomenology of Mind, translated by J.

* Hegel's Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit, translated with introduction, running commentary and notes by Yirmiyahu Yovel ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004 ) ISBN 0-691-12052-8.

*" Introduction ", " The Phenomenology of Spirit ", translated by Kenley R. Dove, in Martin Heidegger, " Hegel's Concept of Experience " ( New York: Harper & Row, 1970 )

*" Sense-Certainty ", Chapter I, " The Phenomenology of Spirit ", translated by Kenley R. Dove, " The Philosophical Forum ", Vol.

*" Stoicism ", Chapter IV, B, " The Phenomenology of Spirit ", translated by Kenley R. Dove, " The Philosophical Forum ", Vol.

*" Absolute Knowing ", Chapter VIII, " The Phenomenology of Spirit ", translated by Kenley R. Dove, " The Philosophical Forum ", Vol.

* Phenomenology of Spirit selections translated by Andrea Tschemplik and James H. Stam, in Steven M. Cahn, ed., Classics of Western Philosophy ( Hackett, 2007 ).

Phenomenology of the Religious Life, translated by Matthias Fritsch and Jennifer Anna Gosetti-Ferencei.

The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy, translated by David Carr.

The Meaning of Religion: Lectures in the Phenomenology of Religion, translated by John B. Carman.

Religion in Essence and Manifestation: A Study in Phenomenology, translated by J. E. Turner.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is influenced by Edmund Husserl's work on perception and temporality, including Husserl's theory of retention and protention.

Phenomenology appears in a work co-authored by him, The Acting Person ( 1969 ).

Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed in the early years of the twentieth century by Edmund Husserl and a circle of followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany.

One of these was the new and increasingly fashionable movement of Structuralism, which was being widely favoured as the successor to the Phenomenology approach, started by Husserl sixty years earlier.

Phenomenology, as envisioned by Husserl, is a method of philosophical inquiry that rejects the rationalist bias that has dominated Western thought since Plato in favor of a method of reflective attentiveness that discloses the individual's " lived experience ;" for those with a more phenomenological bent, the goal was to understand experience by comprehending and describing its genesis, the process of its emergence from an origin or event.

* Transcendental Phenomenology, a field of phenomenological inquiry developed by Edmund Husserl.

Attention to Hodgson was briefly enlivened by an article by Wolfe Mays in a British Phenomenology journal in the 1970s.

The conditioning of the mind resulting from karma is called saṃskāra .< ref > Buddhist Phenomenology: A philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Ch ' eng Wei-shih lun by Dan Lusthaus.

Phenomenology had been practiced long before its being made explicit as a philosophical method by Edmund Husserl, who is considered to be its founder.

In the context of Phenomenology of religion however, the term was first used by Pierre Daniel Chantepie de la Saussaye in his work " Lehrbuch der Religiongeschichte " ( 1887 ).

# Phenomenology describes the " subjective reality " of an event, as perceived by the study population ; it is the study of a phenomenon.

This field of architectural discourse is explored most notably by the theorist Christian Norberg-Schulz in his book, Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture.

* The Phenomenology of Thought ed by.

The Preface to the Phenomenology, all by itself, is considered one of Hegel's major works and a major text in the history of philosophy, because in it he sets out the core of his philosophical method and what distinguishes it from that of any previous philosophy, especially that of his German Idealist predecessors ( Kant, Fichte, and Schelling ).