* Philo of Alexandria ( 30 BC – 45 AD )

The Therapeutae, pagan ascetic hermits and loosely organized cenobitic communities described by the Hellenized Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria in the first century, were long established in the harsh environments by Lake Mareotis close to Alexandria, and in other less-accessible regions.

The contemporary sources, Philo of Alexandria and Seneca the Younger, describe an insane emperor who was self-absorbed, angry, killed on a whim, and who indulged in too much spending and sex.

Philo of Alexandria, Josephus and Seneca state that Caligula was insane, but describe this madness as a personality trait that came through experience.

Philo of Alexandria reports that Caligula became ruthless after nearly dying of an illness in the eighth month of his reign in AD 37.

* Philo of Alexandria, ( trans.

The Stoic modification of Heraclitus ' idea of the Logos was also influential on Jewish philosophers such as Philo of Alexandria, who connected it to " Wisdom personified "

It is probably too much to assume a direct connection with Philo of Alexandria in this particular.

" In addition to the Judeo-Roman or Judeo-Hellenic historians Artapanus, Eupolemus, Josephus, and Philo, a few non-Jewish historians including Hecataeus of Abdera ( quoted by Diodorus Siculus ), Alexander Polyhistor, Manetho, Apion, Chaeremon of Alexandria, Tacitus and Porphyry also make reference to him.

Moreover, in the first century A. D., the Greco-Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria — who was himself probably a practitioner of pankration — makes a statement that could be an allusion to preliminary contests in which an athlete would participate and then collect his strength before coming forward fresh in the major competition.

and is repeated with embellishments by Philo of Alexandria, Josephus

Philo of Alexandria, who relied extensively on the Septuagint, says that the number of scholars was chosen by selecting six scholars from each of the 12 tribes of Israel.

Philo of Byzantium and Hero of Alexandria knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.

* Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

The first to attempt to formulate Jewish principles of faith was Philo of Alexandria.

Philo of Alexandria also listed them as addition ( πρόσθεσις ), subtraction ( ἀφαίρεσις ), transposition ( μετάθεσις ), and transmutation ( ἀλλοίωσις ).

On the other hand, Philo of Alexandria calls the child of a Jew and a non-Jew a nothos ( bastard ), regardless of whether the non-Jewish parent is the father or the mother.

The sources for Pilate's life are the four canonical gospels, Philo of Alexandria, Josephus, a brief mention by Tacitus, and an inscription known as the Pilate Stone, which confirms his historicity and establishes his title as prefect.

Philo witnessed and described the Alexandrian pogroms against Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE.

Philo of Alexandria

Very little is known about him as none of his works have survived, though he has been mentioned and discussed in detail by Photius ( in his Myriobiblion ) and Sextus Empiricus, and also to a lesser extent by Diogenes Laertius and Philo of Alexandria.

According to Philo of Alexandria, in the 1st century CE the monastic community of Therapeutae was located by the shores of this lake.

He courageously tried to avoid allegorizing, which had had a long history ever since Philo of Alexandria had interpreted the Pentateuch in an allegorical fashion that de-literalized and over-metaphorized ( into symbolic systems ) many passages of the ancient manuscripts of the Bible ( now and developingly a critical text itself ).

The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo in the early 1st century AD wrote about the destruction of Atlantis in his On the Eternity of the World, xxvi.

The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE.

Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that " silent singing " ( without even vocal chords ) was better still.

The Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world.

His patristic commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school.

Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher also exonerates Noah by noting that one can drink in two different manners: ( 1 ) to drink wine in excess, a peculiar sin to the vicious evil man or ( 2 ) to partake of wine as the wise man, Noah being the latter.

The slaughter of the lambs on the 14th is mentioned in The Book of Jubilees, a Jewish work of the Ptolemaic period, and by the Herodian-era writers Josephus and Philo.

The earliest extant use of the term monastērion is by the 1st century AD Jewish philosopher Philo in On The Contemplative Life, ch.

Conybeare has stated that this act originated within the ancient Hebrew synagogue, and Philo, the ancient Jewish philosopher called it a " kiss of harmony ," where, as Crawley explains, " the Word of God brings hostile things together in concord and the kiss of love.

" The great Jewish philosopher Philo understands this type of prophecy to be an extraordinarily high level of philosophical understanding, which had been reached by Moses and which enabled him to write the Torah through his own rational deduction of natural law.

In chronicling the history of the Roman administrators in Judaea, ancient Jewish writers Philo and Josephus describe some of the other events and incidents that took place during Pilate's tenure.

Philo attempted to fuse and harmonize Greek Philosophy and Jewish Philosophy via allegory which he learned from Jewish exegesis and the Stoics.

Philo attempted to make his philosophy the means of defending and justifying Jewish religious truths.

), the Greek term itself is not found in the Septuagint, Philo, Josephus, or in other Hellenistic Jewish writings.

In Jewish tradition, Philo, Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer and the Targum Pseudo-Jonathan asserted that Adam was not the father of Cain.

Philo ( 20 B. C .– 50 A. D .), known also as Philo of Alexandria (), Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, Yedidia, " Philon ", and Philo the Jew, was a Hellenistic Jewish Biblical philosopher born in Alexandria.

* Philo ( 1st century BC ), philosopher

* Although Philo of Byzantium described the saqiya chain pump in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher Wang Chong around 80 AD.

* Philo, the philosopher ( approximate date ) ( d. AD 50 )

Philo was influenced by Platonism to the extent that he is considered a Middle Platonist philosopher.

The ancient Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria describes an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in which thousands of Jews died.

There he may have heard the Christian philosopher Basilides and certainly became conversant with Hellenistic Middle Platonic philosophy and the culture of Hellenized Jews like the great Alexandrian Jewish allegorist and philosopher Philo.

The Hellenistic Jewish Biblical philosopher Philo Judaeus, born in Alexandria, ( d. ca.

Philo of Alexandria was a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher who was important for connecting the Hebrew Scriptures to Greek thought, and thereby to Greek Christians, who struggled to understand their connection to Jewish history.

The primary source concerning the Therapeutae is the account De vita contemplativa (" The Contemplative Life ") by the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria ( c. 20 BCE-50 CE ) who appears to have been personally acquainted with them.