The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of enquiry and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation ; and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research The University of Bologne is considered the oldest continually operating university.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

He was influenced by Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Bradwardine, William of Occam, and Richard Fitzralph.

In the 13th century medieval Europe the English bishop Robert Grosseteste wrote on a wide range of scientific topics discussing light from four different perspectives: an epistemology of light, a metaphysics or cosmogony of light, an etiology or physics of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism.

* 1253 – Robert Grosseteste, English statesman and bishop

In the 13th century a clear distinction was made between classical philosophers, modern ( to the people then ) philosophers, theosophers, and theologians in the work Summa philosophiae attributed to Robert Grosseteste.

* Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian, and scientist

* Robert Grosseteste

* Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian and bishop ( approximate date ; d. 1253 )

* October 9 – Robert Grosseteste, English statesman and theologian

The earl preferred to make his peace with Henry III, which he did in 1253, in obedience to the exhortations of the dying Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln.

Matthew Paris reports that the Bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, once said to Simon's eldest son Henry: " My beloved child, both you and your father will meet your deaths on one day, and by one kind of death, but it will be in the name of justice and truth.

Robert Grosseteste, the Bishop of Lincoln, had examined Passelewe, and found him unfit for episcopal office, and Boniface then quashed the election in 1244.

* Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian and Bishop of Lincoln ( 1235 – 53 )

In the 13th century AD, Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon commented on the pinhole camera.

When we consider the influence that Adelard had on the study of philosophy, we see his ideas most notably manifested in the later works of Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon.

In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.

Robert Grosseteste ( ) or Grossetete ( ; c. 1175 – 9 October 1253 ) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.

Bishop Grosseteste University College, a stone's throw away from Lincoln Cathedral, is named after Robert Grosseteste.

Bishop Robert Grosseteste ;</ br > stained glass, 1896.

Editions of the original Latin text may be found in: Die Philosophischen Werke des Robert Grosseteste, Bischofs von Lincoln ( Münster i. W., Aschendorff, 1912.

* Crombie, A. C. Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science.

The Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names translates this as " muddy valley by a ridge "; the fūl-element, which meant " foul " or " muddy " was used in the earliest known reference to the area, in a charter by Robert de Lacey, around the year 1200, as used in the Middle English spelling fulebachope.

In The Greek Myths the mythographer and poet, Robert Graves, translates and interprets the legends and myth fragments about Clytemnestra, Agamemnon, and Orestes, as suggesting a ritual killing of a " king " ( Agamemnon ) in very early religious ceremonies that were suppressed when patriarchy replaced the matriarchies of very ancient Greece.

Carpo ( Καρπώ ), Carpho or Xarpo was the one who brings food-though Robert Graves in The Greek Myths ( 1955 ) translates this name as " withering ") was in charge of autumn, ripening, and harvesting, as well as guarding the way to Mount Olympus and letting back the clouds surrounding the mountain if one of the gods left.

Robert Graves ( an acquaintance of Shah ) suggests an Arabic derivation from al thame ( or adh-dhame ), which he translates as " the arrow ".

The school motto Ex Spinis Uvas, which translates as " Grapes From Thornes ", is a play upon the names of the school founders Robert and Nicholas Thorne.

" The Hebrew linguist and scholar Robert Alter translates it less literally, making explicit what is only implicit in the words used: "... a David psalm, upon Nathan the prophet's coming to him when he had come to bed with Bathsheba.

Whereas Bunhill Fields was described by the poet Robert Southey as " the Campo Santo of the Dissenters " ( a reference to the monumental cemetery of that name in Pisa, Italy-campo santo translates as " sacred field " or " saints ' abode " ) in respect of its late 17th and 18th centuries burials, Abney Park took on the mantle during the Victorian period in the writings of E. Paxton Hood for the Religious Tract Society.

The English translation for the lyrics sung when Robert Smith transforms translates are, " I really like Robert Smith ", and the lyrics sung about Mecha-Streisand translate, " Barbra, Barbra, she's a bitch, Barbra ".

Robert Miller translates it as " The good news of Jesus the Anointed " on the basis that χριστου means " anointed " and the phrase υιου του θεου is not present in a few early witnesses.

In April 2007, it was reported that imaging analysis had discovered an early commentary on Aristotle's Categories in the Archimedes Palimpsest, and Robert Sharples suggested Alexander as the most likely author.

* Antonina Alberti and Robert W. Sharples, eds., Aspasius: The Earliest Extant Commentary on Aristotle's Ethics ( de Gruyter, 1999 ) ISBN 3-11-016081-1

* Wardy, Robert, The Chain of Change: A study of Aristotle's Physics VII, ( Cmabridge University Press, 1990 ).

*" Codes of Ethics: Some History " by Robert Baker, Union College in Perspectives on the Professions, Vol.

On 28 March 2003, Judicial Watch filed a complaint to the Office of Government Ethics, the Office of the Defense Department Inspector General, the Office of the Homeland Security Inspector General, United States Attorney General John Ashcroft and FBI Director Robert Mueller in the matter of Former Defense Policy Board Chairman Richard N. Perle, Former President Bill Clinton, Former Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe and Global Crossing.

* “ Eudaimonism and Realism in Aristotle ’ s Ethics ”, in Robert Heinaman, ed., Aristotle and Moral Realism ( University College London Press, London, 1995 ), pp. 201 – 18

* Nisbet, Robert, The Quest for Community: A Study in the Ethics of Order and Freedom, 1990.

" ( For a contrary characterization, see " Retroactive Ethical Judgments and Human Subjects Research: the 1939 Tudor Study in Context ," in Robert Goldfarb, ed., Ethics: A Case Study in Fluency ( San Diego and Oxford: Plural Publishing, 2005 ), ch.

It contains links to his Who's Who in America entry and c. v., bibliographies, excerpts from his writing, audio of his general semantics lectures, articles by others about Johnson, and an excerpt from Robert Goldfarb, editor, Ethics: A Case Study from Fluency ( 2005 ).

In 1964 he founded the international non-profit foundation named Center of Applied Ethics, which was renamed to The Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership in 1985.

One criticism that is frequently made focuses on the problem of guidance ; opponents, such as Robert Louden in his seminal article " Some Vices of Virtue Ethics ," question whether the idea of a virtuous moral actor, believer, or judge can provide the guidance necessary for action, belief formation, or the decision of legal disputes.

III: Alexander von Aphrodisias ( 2001 ) – Edited by Jürgen Wiesner, with a chapter on Ethics by Robert W. Sharples.

* 2008 Robert M. Veatch, Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict

* Robert Merrihew Adams Finite and Infinite Goods: A Framework for Ethics ( 2002: New York, Oxford University Press ) ISBN 0-19-515371-5

In February 2004, Robert Rose, an ethics watchdog, filed a complaint with the Nevada Commission on Ethics claiming that during the U. S. Conference of Mayors, Goodman handed out to fellow mayors, conference attendees and other political figures invitations to a cocktail party Goodman was hosting.

He named the Louisiana Tech University English professor Robert C. Snyder to the Louisiana State Ethics Commission, a position that Snyder held for twenty-six years, including a stint as chairman.

* Robert Bernasconi, "' The Double Concept of Philosophy ' and the Place of Ethics in Being and Time ," Heidegger in Question: The Art of Existing ( New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1993 ).

" Arsenokoités and Malakos: Meanings and Consequences ", Biblical Ethics & Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture, Robert L. Brawley, ed.

Callicott is co-Editor-in-Chief with Robert Frodeman of the award-winning, two-volume A-Z Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, published by Macmillan in 2009.

“ Callicott, J. Baird 1941 –.” Pages 129-130 in J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman, eds., Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy.

* Robert J. Ross ( born 1974 ), president and CEO of Inasmuch Foundation and Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation

* McBride, Patrizia C. The Void of Ethics: Robert Musil and the Experience of Modernity.

* Robert Grosseteste and the Nicomachean Ethics ( 1930 )