The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War ( 1853 – 1856 ); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.

* 1856 – William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer ( d. 1937 )

* 1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer ( d. 1883 )

* 1856 – Alfred Deakin, Australian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1919 )

* 1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer ( d. 1916 )

* 1856 – Aparicio Saravia, Uruguayan politician and military leader ( d. 1904 )

* 1856 – Diamond Jim Brady, American financier ( d. 1917 )

* 1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist ( d. 1856 )

** Various articles on Alcidamas ( 1856 – 1919, with links to further online material )

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1856 – Carle David Tolmé Runge, German physicist ( d. 1927 )

* 1910 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter ( b. 1856 )

* 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American artist ( b. 1856 )

* John Cramp, 1851 – 1853 ( and 1856 – 1869 )

* Edmund Crawley, 1853 – 1856

* John Cramp, 1856 – 1869

* 1856 – William Willett, English builder and daylight saving time advocate ( d. 1915 )

* 1856 – Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaria burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.

* 1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University.

He married firstly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople in 1856 to Georgian HH Dürrünev Kadın Efendi ( Batumi, 15 March 1835 – Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 3 December 1892 ), and had three children.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

* 1856 – Henri Philippe Pétain, French soldier and statesman ( d. 1951 )

Lord Canning ( created earl in 1859 ), appointed Governor-General of India in 1856, became known as " Clemency Canning " as a term of derision for his efforts to restrain revenge against the Indians during the Indian Mutiny.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In 1859, Palmyra Atoll was claimed for the United States by Dr. Gerrit P. Judd of the brig Josephine, in accordance with the Guano Islands Act of 1856, but there was no guano there to be mined.

Other philosophers who embraced panentheism have included Thomas Hill Green ( 1839 – 1882 ), James Ward ( 1843 – 1925 ), Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison ( 1856 – 1931 ) and Samuel Alexander ( 1859 – 1938 ).

In 1848, the northwestern part, annexed in 1775 by the Habsburg Empire, Bukovina, had a population of 377, 571 ; in 1856, the eastern half of Moldavia, Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, had a population of 990, 274, while the population of Moldavia proper ( the western half ), in 1859, was 1, 463, 927.

The last of his important portrait paintings date from this period: Marie-Clothilde-Inés de Foucauld, Madame Moitessier, Seated ( 1856 ), Self-Portrait at the Age of Seventy-nine and Madame J .- A .- D. Ingres, née Delphine Ramel, both completed in 1859.

In 1833, Van Genechten N. V., Splichal N. V. in 1856, Mesmaekers Freres in 1859, Meses-Goris in 1872, L. Biermans in 1875, Poupaert in 1881, La Belgica N. V. in 1907, H. Proost & Co in 1913, J.

In 1856, Hunt had joined the Ethnological Society of London and by 1859 he was its joint secretary.

The company returned to the Salle Lacaze for the 1856, 1857, and 1859 summer seasons, performing at the Salle Choiseul in the winter.

* John Scott – Matilda ( 1827 ), The Colonel ( 1828 ), Rowton ( 1829 ), Margrave ( 1832 ), Touchstone ( 1834 ), Don John ( 1838 ), Charles the Twelfth ( 1839 ), Launcelot ( 1840 ), Satirist ( 1841 ), The Baron ( 1845 ), Newminster ( 1851 ), West Australian ( 1853 ), Warlock ( 1856 ), Imperieuse ( 1857 ), Gamester ( 1859 ), The Marquis ( 1862 )

When the fourth volume of Grätz's history appeared Hirsch impeached the orthodoxy of the new institution ( 1856 ), and his attacks became more systematic when Frankel in 1859 published his Hebrew introduction to the Mishnah.

His mother died in 1856 and his father in 1859.

The brothers and sisters were Jørgine Caroline ( 1854 – 1879 ), Mathilde Sophie ( born 1856 ), Karen Marie ( 1857 – 1876 ), Jørgen Peter ( born 1859 ) emigrated to Australia, Johan Sophus ( 1861 – 1942 ) emigrated to USA, Christian Albert ( born 1863 ) emigrated to USA, Carl August ( 1865 – 1931 ), Anders Jacob ( born 1867 ) emigrated to USA, Helene Christine Louise ( born 1869 ) emigrated to USA, Valdemar Emil ( 1871 – 1965 ), Julie Christine ( born 1872 ), Anna Dusine ( 8 January to 2 April 1875 ). All the children bore the surname Nielsen despite regulations by the Ministry of Church Affairs.

Marcus Peck ; 1825 – 1826, William F. Averill ; 1827 – 1833, Marcus Peck ; 1834, Peter F. Westervelt ; 1835 – 1837, John I. Vosburgh ; 1838 – 1839 ; John H. Gregory ; 1840, Calvin Sliter ; 1841, John H. Gregory ; 1842 – 1843, Solomon Coons ; 1844, Reuben A. Thomas ; 1845, S. V. R. Cole ; 1846, David Fonda ; 1847, David Luce ; 1848, Lorenzo M. Lown ; 1849 – 1850, William L. Stewart, jr .; 1851, Jacob Boyce ; 1852, W. H. Wicks ; 1853, Joseph Alden ; 1854, William H. Lyons ; 1855, Samuel D. Seymour ; 1856, Harmon Westfall ; 1857, George Sliter ; 1858, Albert H. Dutcher ; 1859 – 1861, George Sliter ; 1862, D. E. Barnes ; 1863, William H. Ford ; 1864, B. M. Wilkinson ; 1865, Jeffrey P. Thomas ; 1866 – 1867, David Horton ;

( Portions of a diary written by Henry McLafferty Jr ( 1819 – 1859 ) are available online from the Rochester Public Library: Romulus Revisited: Extracts from the Diary of Henry McLafferty, Jr. 1856 – 1857 ).

Educated at the City of London School, he obtained a studentship at King's College London, and in 1856 a scholarship at Queens ' College, Cambridge where he graduated as fifth wrangler in 1859, and was immediately elected fellow of his college.

Man and Feild completed their three-story brick grist mill sometime between 1856 and 1859.

4, French: La prière d ' une vierge ) is a composition of Polish composer Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska ( 1834 – 1861 ), which was published in 1856 in Warsaw, and then as a supplement to the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris in 1859.

In 1856, he was sent as special envoy to the coronation of Alexander II of Russia and brought home a wife, whom he married at St. Petersburg on 7 January 1857, Princess Sofia Sergeyevna Trubetskaya ( Moscow, 25 March 1836 – 8 August 1896 ), the only daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy ( 1814-12 May ( 30 April Old Style ), 1859 ) and his wife Ekaterina Petrovna Mussina-Pushkina ( 1 February 1816-c. 1897 ).

To this period belong his La Vie de l ' emploi ( 1855 ); L ' Industrie en Europe ( 1856 ); and Etudes sur le régime de nos manufactures ( 1859 ); Le coton: son regime, ses problèmes, ( 1863 ).

She also played the roles of Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream ( 1856 ), Prince Arthur in King John ( 1858 ) and Fleance in Macbeth ( 1859 ), continuing at the Princess's Theatre until the Keans ' retirement in 1859.