* 1960 – The United States launches Transit 1-B, the world's first satellite navigation system.

The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water.

Main inland waterways are the Magdalena – Cauca River system, which is navigable for 1, 500 kilometers ; the Atrato, which is navigable for 687 kilometers ; the Orinoco system of more than five navigable rivers, which total more than 4, 000 kilometers of potential navigation ( mainly through Venezuela ); and the Amazonas system, which has four main rivers totaling 3, 000 navigable kilometers ( mainly through Brazil ).

They are equipped with a TERCOM system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a CEP accuracy of 15 meters with an Inertial navigation system.

* A commercial terrain matching image-based navigation system ( with video )

Note that positions on a surface in navigation use latitude and longitude in a similar two dimensional system.

The Decca Navigator System was a low frequency radio navigation system which allowed ships and aircraft to determine their position by receiving radio signals from fixed navigational beacons with a receiving unit.

Position was calculated using a hyperbolic navigation system ( multilateration ) by comparing the phase difference of the radio signals received from several fixed stations.

Automotive navigation system in a taxicab.

The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System.

The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960.

In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system.

The USAF with two-thirds of the nuclear triad also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system.

** Informally, any GPS navigation device, especially an automotive navigation system

Galileo is a global navigation satellite system ( GNSS ) currently being built by the European Union ( EU ) and European Space Agency ( ESA ).

Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007 EU countries discussed cutting € 548m ($ 755m, £ 370m ) from the union's competitiveness budget for the following year and shifting some of that cash to other parts of the financing pot, a move that could meet part of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite navigation system.

In November 2006, China opted instead to independently develop the Beidou navigation system satellite navigation system.

* Bearing ( navigation ), a term for direction

Cross-country skiing is part of the Nordic skiing sport family, which includes ski jumping, Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing and ski jumping ), Biathlon ( skiing and rifle marksmanship ) and ski-orienteering ( which included map navigation along snow trails and tracks ).

One of them, the Jagielonski Channel ( Kanał Jagieloński ), leads to the Nogat River, along which navigation to Gdańsk is common.

* Sonar ( sound navigation and ranging ), the use of sound to navigate or to locate other watercraft, usually by submarines

The French natural and man-made waterways network is the largest in Europe extending to over of which ( VNF, ), the French navigation authority, manages the navigable sections.

( in the Book of the Devil Valley Master ), A main contributor to this field was Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, as well as discovering the concept of true north.

Each country should have an accessible Aeronautical Information Publication ( AIP ), based on standards defined by the ICAO, containing information essential to air navigation.

However, any aircraft operating under VFR must have the required equipment on board, as described in FAR Part 91. 205 ( which includes instruments necessary for IFR flight ); but the view outside of the aircraft is the primary source for keeping the aircraft straight and level ( orientation ), flying where you intended to fly ( navigation ), and for not hitting anything ( separation ).

Recent projects and notable inputs by the EU have included telecommunications ( improvement of telephone exchanges and provision of radio and navigation equipment ), the development of seaweed as an export crop, solar energy systems for the outer islands, the upgrading of the Control Tower and fire fighting services at Tarawa's Bonriki International Airport, outer island social development, health services and extensive support for the Kiribati Vocational Training Programme.

" The ancient Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) was the first person to write of the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north ( Dream Pool Essays, AD 1088 ), and by the 12th century the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation.

From the Amazon the Napo is navigable for river craft up to its Curaray branch, a distance of about 216 miles ( 350 km ), and perhaps a bit further ; thence, by painful canoe navigation, its upper waters may be ascended as far as Santa Rosa, the usual point of embarkation for any venturesome traveller who descends from the Quito tableland.

He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye ( Book of Navigation ), a book that contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts ( for its time ) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea.

When his uncle Kemal Reis died in 1511 ( his ship was wrecked by a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, while he was heading to Egypt ), Piri returned to Gelibolu, where he started working on his studies about navigation.

Such a challenging enterprise requires keen knowledge of sailing in general as well as maintenance, navigation ( especially celestial navigation ), and often even international diplomacy ( for which an entire set of protocols should be learned and practiced ).

Apart from its use for navigation ( see John Harrison ), synchronization was not important in transportation until the nineteenth century, when the coming of the railways made travel fast enough for the differences in local time between adjacent towns to be noticeable ( see ).

Chalouf or Shaloof ), located just south of the Great Bitter Lake, had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again.

* Course ( navigation ), the path a vessel or aircraft plots over the surface of the Earth

The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones ( EEZs ), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes.

Clever use of ergonomics allows space in the saloon for a galley ( kitchen ), seating, and navigation equipment.

Spacecraft subsystems comprise the spacecraft " bus " and may include: attitude determination and control ( variously called ADAC, ADC or ACS ), guidance, navigation and control ( GNC or GN & C ), communications ( Comms ), command and data handling ( CDH or C & DH ), power ( EPS ), thermal control ( TCS ), propulsion, and structures.

Development was led by the US, where it formed the basis of a wide-area navigation system through the 1930s and 40s ( see LFF, below ).

Differential GPS measurements can also be computed in real-time by some GPS receivers if they receive a correction signal using a separate radio receiver, for example in Real Time Kinematic ( RTK ) surveying or navigation.

Civilian GPS receiver (" GPS navigation device ") in a marine application.

The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.

The DoD is required by law to " maintain a Standard Positioning Service ( as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification ) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis ," and " develop measures to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses.

This latter feature is new and is considered a major upgrade compared to the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation systems, which do not provide feedback to the user.

GPS is widely used worldwide for civilian applications ; Galileo's proponents argued that civil infrastructure, including aeroplane navigation and landing, should not rely solely upon a system with this vulnerability.

A number of navigation systems are available to pilots, including ground-based systems such as VORs and NDBs as well as the satellite-based GPS system.

However, there have been attempts to enhance and re-popularize LORAN, mainly to serve as a backup and land-based alternative to GPS and other satellite navigation systems.

Outdoor robots can use GPS in a similar way to automotive navigation systems.

PDAs with GPS functionality can be used for automotive navigation.

TomTom, Garmin, and iGO offer GPS navigation software for PDAs.

This information may be used for navigation, or the PDA's GPS functions can be used for navigation.

Modern SP artillery is highly digitized with the ability to self survey firing positions using systems such as GPS and inertial navigation systems.

The sextant is not dependent upon electricity ( unlike many forms of modern navigation ) or anything human-controlled ( like GPS satellites ).

The nature of the received signal is not important, although widely available timing and navigation systems such as GPS or LORAN are convenient.

The US $ 503 million program would have converted existing Trident II missiles ( presumably two missiles per submarine ) into conventional weapons, by fitting them with modified Mk4 reentry vehicles equipped with GPS for navigation update and a reentry guidance and control ( trajectory correction ) segment to perform 10 m class impact accuracy.

While sailing groups organize the most active and popular competitive yachting, other boating events are also held world-wide: speed motor boat racing ; competitive canoeing, kayaking, and rowing ; and navigational contests ( generally a test of celestial and landmark-based navigation skills where GPS and other electronic navigation equipment is disallowed ) are among the events which are organized around the world.

* Automotive navigation systems become widely popular making it possible to direct vehicles to any destination in real-time as well as detect traffic and suggest alternate routes with the use of GPS navigation devices.