* Statistical arbitrage: identifying pricing inefficiencies between securities through mathematical modeling techniques

Statistical techniques began in the 18th century, when Buffon's needle was proposed as a way to approximate the number π. Fermi used them in the 1930s, and when he heard of Ulam's breakthrough, created the FERMIAC, which performs a mechanical simulation of random diffusion of neutrons.

Statistical techniques such as bootstrapping and jackknifing help in providing reliability estimates for the positions of haplotypes within the evolutionary trees.

# Statistical analysis-Perform various descriptive and inferential techniques ( see below ) on the raw data.

It is worth remembering, as Eugene Charniak points out in Statistical techniques for natural language parsing, that merely assigning the most common tag to each known word and the tag " proper noun " to all unknowns will approach 90 % accuracy because many words are unambiguous.

Some of the techniques that belong here are Statistical methods ( particularly Business statistics ) and Neural networks as very advanced means of analysing data.

Statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond SQL.

Yule was interested in applying statistical techniques to social problems and he quickly became a member of the Royal Statistical Society.

Statistical techniques not only produce forecasts but also quantify precision and reliability.

Statistical methods offer objectivity but, whilst there is agreement on systems to rate the strengths of current players, there is disagreement and controversy on whether such techniques can be applied to players from different generations who never competed against each other.

It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute.

Statistical scaling techniques were used in a study presented at the 2007 Siggraph Video Game Symposium to convert subject ratings of game similarity into visual maps of game genres.

Statistical process control defines techniques to properly differentiate between stable processes, processes that are drifting ( experiencing a long-term change in the mean of the output ), and processes that are growing more variable.

An explanation using a fishing analogy can be found in Trout, Catfish and Roach which won an award from the Royal Statistical Society for excellence in official statistics in 2011.

Statistical theory is concerned with the properties of estimators ; that is, with defining properties that can be used to compare different estimators ( different rules for creating estimates ) for the same quantity, based on the same data.

In order to classify a business as a service, one can use classification systems such as the United Nations's International Standard Industrial Classification standard, the United States ' Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC ) code system and its new replacement, the North American Industrial Classification System ( NAICS ), the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community ( NACE ) in the EU and similar systems elsewhere.

On connections over RS-232 Statistical Multiplexers where some control characters do not transmit, Kermit can be configured to work, unlike protocols like XMODEM that require all 256 bytes be transmittable.

Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data ; this is called descriptive statistics.

Statistical models describe the sources of data and can have different types of formulation corresponding to these sources and to the problem being studied.

Statistical models, once specified, can be tested to see whether they provide useful inferences for new data sets.

Statistical assumptions can be categorised into a number of types:

Statistical mechanics provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a result of classical and quantum-mechanical description of statistics and mechanics at the microscopic level.

Statistical mechanics provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics, classical mechanics, and quantum mechanics at the microscopic level.

Statistical mechanics can also describe work in non-linear dynamics, chaos theory, thermal physics, fluid dynamics ( particularly at high Knudsen numbers ), or plasma physics.

* Statistical mechanics was initially derived using the concept of a large enough ensemble that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored.

In unofficial usage, the South East can refer to a varying area-sometimes only to London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, and Surrey ; but sometimes to an area corresponding to the former Standard Statistical Region ( above ), which corresponded approximately to the London commuter belt.

The calculations that can be made over each of these ensembles are explored further in the article Statistical mechanics.

According to the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, phobias can be classified under the following general categories:

" ( Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman, co-authors of The Elements of Statistical Learning in their Preface to the Second Edition have a footnote which reads: " On the Web, this quote has been widely attributed to both Deming and Robert W. Hayden ; however Professor Hayden told us that he can claim no credit for this quote, and ironically we could find no ' data ' confirming Deming actually said this.

Statistical algorithms can further be categorized as generative or discriminative.

It is only recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) in individuals over the age of 18 ; however, symptoms necessary to establish the disorder can also be found in adolescents.

Statistical and physical modelling can be combined.

Statistical tests can often detect failure of a noise source, such as a radio station transmitting on a channel thought to be empty, for example.

Statistical significance can be considered to be the confidence one has in a given result.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 302. 85 ) has five criteria that must be met before a diagnosis of gender identity disorder can be made.

Statistical output is to a proprietary file format (*. spv file, supporting pivot tables ) for which, in addition to the in-package viewer, a stand-alone reader can be downloaded.

Statistical associations are not necessarily causal, and a variety of secondary variables and alternative explanations can be possibly intervening.

Several specific diagnostic criteria can be used to diagnose vascular dementia, including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) criteria, the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition ( ICD-10 ) criteria, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l ' Enseignement en Neurosciences ( NINDS-AIREN ) criteria, the Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center criteria, and the Hachinski ischemic score.

Statistical methods are beginning to be integrated into medical informatics, public health informatics, bioinformatics and computational biology.

To be diagnosed with mania according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), a person must experience this state of elevated or irritable mood, as well as other symptoms, for at least one week, less if hospitalization is required.

These individuals are usually considered to be mentally ill, although the compulsion to eat human flesh is not formally listed as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ).

The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level .< ref > Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation .< ref > The K – T boundary record of dinoflagellates is not as well-understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, thereby likely causing diversity to be underestimated.

Psychologists and psychiatrists classify most phobias into three categories and, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ), such phobias are considered to be sub-types of anxiety disorder.

Statistical inference enables us to make statements about which element ( s ) of this set are likely to be the true one.

The Office of Management and Budget's List of Standards for Statistical Surveys states that federally funded surveys must be performed,

According to the revised fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV-TR ), to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, three diagnostic criteria must be met:

Gould said that the most positive review of the first edition of The Mismeasure of Man was by the British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, which reported that " Gould has performed a valuable service in exposing the logical basis of one of the most important debates in the social sciences, and this book should be required reading for students and practitioners alike.

One of the proposed changes to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ), to be published in May 2013 ,< ref >

Statistical time-domain multiplexing resembles, but should not be considered the same as time-division multiplexing.

Statistical considerations which focus on the probabilistic distribution of prime numbers present informal evidence in favour of the conjecture ( in both the weak and strong forms ) for sufficiently large integers: the greater the integer, the more ways there are available for that number to be represented as the sum of two or three other numbers, and the more " likely " it becomes that at least one of these representations consists entirely of primes.

Mood disorder is the term designating a group of diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM IV TR ) classification system where a disturbance in the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.

The system is designed to be largely compatible with the United Nations Statistical Office's International Standard Industrial Classification System ( ISIC ).