As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad.

" The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad graciously welcomed Saladin's assumption of power and declared him " Sultan of Egypt and Syria.

While he was encamped in Baghdad, Sultan Murad IV is known to have met the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's ambassadors: Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of finely embroidered cloth and even armor.

* Sultan Murad IV captures Baghdad.

* January 12 – March 16 – Caliph Al-Muqtafi successfully defended Baghdad against the coalition forces of Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan, and Atabeg Qutb-adin of Mosul

* Sultan in the original case of the Seljuk Turks who made the Caliphs of Baghdad their puppets ; later both styles were often used for absolute rulers in Nepal

In the Middle East, faced by the 1958 collapse of the Baghdad Pact and the spread of Soviet influence, Macmillan acted decisively to restore the confidence of Persian Gulf allies, using the Royal Air Force and special forces to defeat a revolt backed by Saudi Arabia and Egypt against the Sultan of Oman, Said bin Taimur, in July 1957, deploying airborne battalions to defend Jordan against Syrian subversion in July 1958, and deterring a threatened Iraqi invasion of Kuwait by landing a brigade group in July 1960.

When the Mongol Empire's troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria, Mamluk Emir Baibars (, Circassian: Bipars, a common Circassian name which means the frontier defending warrior ) left Damascus for Cairo where he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.

For over a year after the settlement with Mamluks, calm settled over an-Nasir Yusuf's reign, but on December 11, 1256 he sent two envoys to the Abbasids in Baghdad seeking formal investiture from the caliph, al-Musta ' sim, for his role as " Sultan ".

She calls the King of Sweden and the Sultan of Baghdad to confirm the BFG's story-the giants having visited those locations on the previous two nights – then summons the Head of the Army and the Marshal of the Air Force.

According to Mughatil ibn Bakri, a staff member of the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad, Nizam al-Mulk himself was assassinated when he converted to Shi ' a after a Sunni-Shi ' a debate held by the orders of Sultan Malik Shah I, who was also killed.

He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although his brother Ahmed Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power.

Invited thus, Buwayhid Sultan Mu ' izz al-Daula entered Baghdad, and under the title of Amir al-Umara ( Amir of Amirs ) assumed the supreme command.

But he was ill-advised enough to support the rebellion of a son of Seljuk Sultan of Hamadan, who in response marched against Baghdad and forced the Caliph to take refuge in the eastern quarter, initiating the Seljuk siege of Baghdad 1157.

The rightful ruler of Baghdad is young Prince Turhan, until the evil Sultan Bakaar and his minions usurp the throne.

* 1638: In Ottoman, military campaign of Sultan Murad IV against and conquest of Baghdad after a siege.

* Mahmud II of Great Seljuk, Sultan of Baghdad 1118

He falls asleep and dreams he is in Baghdad as an advisor to the Sultan ( Young ).

Dream With Music ( 1944 ), a " musical fantasy " in which a soap opera writer dreams that she is Scheherazade in old Baghdad, where her real life acquaintances turn up as Aladdin, the Sultan, etc.

When he was seven years old, his father Seyyid Sultan Ali died in Baghdad.

To consolidate the position of Aybak, and attempting to satisfy their opponents in Syria and Baghdad, the Mamluks installed the 6-year-old al-malik Sharaf Muzafer al-Din Musa, who was one of the Syrian branch of the Ayyubid family as a Sultan and announced that Aybak is merely a representative of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

The order originated in Iraq though it spread all over the Islamic world under its founder's nephew, Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi ( 1145 – 1234 CE ), who was sent by the Caliph in Baghdad as an ambassador to the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Adil I of Egypt, to Khwarezm-Shah Muhammad of Bukhara and to Kayqubad I, Sultan of Rûm.

Often they were appointed to a single state, as with the Resident in Lucknow, the capital of Oudh ; to the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda ; to the Maharaja Sindhya of Gwalior ; to the Nizam al-Molk of Hyderabad ; to the Maharaja Rana of Jhalawar ; to the restored Maharaja of Mysore, after the fall of Tipu Sultan ; to the Maharaja Sena Sahib Subah of the Mahratta state of Nagpur ; to the ( Maha ) Raja of Manipur ; to the ( Maha ) Raja of Travancore ; to the Maharana of Mewar in Udaipur.

Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow's association with Sultan Iskandar was carefully omitted in all official biographies.

At the beginning of the Hippodrome I saw the Kaiser's Fountain, an ugly octagonal building with a glass dome, built in 1895 by the German Emperor, and on my left, directly across from it, the tomb of Sultan Ahmet, who constructed the Blue Mosque, more properly known by his name.

Ahmed I ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel, ) or Ahmed Bakhti ( April 18, 1590 – November 22, 1617 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617.

He married with Mahpeyker and had five children from her: Murad IV, Ibrahim I, Ayşe Sultan, Shahzade Suleiman and Shahzade Kasim.

Ahmed II Khan Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثانى Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > ānī ) < span dir =" ltr ">( February 25, 1643 – February 6, 1695 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695.

The distinction of a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire was conferred upon him by Queen Victoria in 1897 ( and later Knight Grand Commander in 1902 by Edward VII ) and he received like recognition for his public services from the German Emperor, the Sultan of Turkey, the Shah of Persia and other potentates.

In the year 1789, Tipu Sultan ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to the Ottoman capitol of Istanbul, to Sultan Abdul Hamid I requesting urgent assistance against the British East India Company and had proposed an offensive and defensive consortium ; Sultan Abdul Hamid I, informed the ambassadors of the Sultanate of Mysore that the Ottoman Empire was still recuperating from the Austro-Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish Wars.

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge ( 1988 ) as seen from the Rumelihisarı | Rumeli Castle ( 1452 )

Bayezid I ( Ottoman: بايزيد اول, Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım ( Ottoman: ییلدیرم ), " the Thunderbolt "; 1354 – March 8, 1403 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1389 to 1402.

Beyazıt ) was the oldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512.

In 1187, Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria who led the Muslim Ayyubids, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders.

In 1703 ( other sources say 1658 ), the Sultanate of Sulu received North Borneo from the Sultan of Brunei, after Sulu sent aid against a rebellion in Brunei.

Ruling from Constantinople, Sultan Selim I relegated Egypt to a mere province, with Cairo as its capital.

During the first five years of Humayun's reign, these two rulers were quietly extending their rule, although Sultan Bahadur faced pressure in the east from sporadic conflicts with the Portuguese.

* The Indian Ocean in World History: Educational Website Interactive resource from the Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center

He added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan, originally from Berbera in northern Somalia, who spoke both Somali ( referred to as Mogadishan, the Benadir dialect of Somali ) and Arabic with equal fluency.

He further wrote that the authority of the Sultan extended from Malindi in the north to Inhambane in the south and was particularly impressed by the planning of the city, believing it to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast.

Given the opportunity to get away from the Sultan and visit new lands, he readily accepted.

While at the oasis of Takedda on his journey back across the desert, he received a message from the Sultan of Morocco commanding him to return home.

After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the instigation of the Sultan of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys to Ibn Juzayy, a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada.

The music accompanying the samāʿ consists of settings of poems from the Maṭnawī and Dīwān-e Kabīr, or of Sultan Walad's poems.

Imperial Germany set up a protectorate over the Sultan of Zanzibar's coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of Sir William Mackinnon's British East Africa Company ( BEAC ) in 1888, after the company had received a royal charter and concessionary rights to the Kenya coast from the Sultan of Zanzibar for a 50-year period.

The sailors later established posts at Goa in 1510, and conquered Malacca in 1511, driving the Sultan to the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula from where he kept making raids on the Portuguese.