By the third millennium BCE, widespread civilizations had developed sophisticated awareness of celestial cycles, and are believed to have consciously oriented their temples to create alignment with the heliacal risings of the stars.

By the 1st century BCE, noxii were being condemned to the beasts ( damnati ad bestias ) in the arena, with almost no chance of survival, or were made to kill each other.

By 10, 000 BCE, Homo sapiens had spread to all corners of the old

By 13, 000 to 11, 000 BCE, people began collecting wild grains.

By about 9400 BCE the town had grown to more than 70 dwellings, and was home to over 1000 people.

By 20, 000 to 18, 000 BCE the climate and environment had changed, starting a period of transition.

By at least the 5th century BCE

By 1100 BCE, opium was cultivated on Cyprus, where surgical-quality knives were used to score the poppy pods, and opium was cultivated, traded, and smoked.

By 4000 BCE, the potters wheel was developed.

By 1000 BCE, medical systems based upon herbs could be found in China, Korea, and India.

By about 12, 000 BCE, hunters were using tame dogs to help in the chase.

By the 2nd century BCE, France was called Gaul ( Gallia Transalpina ) by the Romans.

By the 9th century BCE the Assyrians made a habit of regularly deporting thousands of restless subjects to other lands.

By 150 BCE the pots were fitted with valves to allow smoother filling as they were forced into the water.

By 157 BCE, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned.

By 110 BCE Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants.

By the era of Greek philosophy in the fifth century BCE, Metis had become the Titaness of wisdom and deep thought, but her name originally connoted " magical cunning " and was as easily equated with the trickster powers of Prometheus as with the " royal metis " of Zeus.

By the end of the 2nd century BCE, the classification scheme had been expanded into eight categories, seen in the Art of Grammar ( Τέχνη Γραμματική ):

* c. 2410 BCE: By this time, kings in Sumer have ceased to be automatically high priests of the city deity.

By 522 BCE, the majority, if not the entire Achaemenid Empire was revolting against Darius and in turmoil.

By 270 BCE they had

By 2000 BCE, many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions.

By 1725 BCE they are found also in parts of northern Syria, such as Alalakh.

By the thirteenth century BCE all of the Hurrian states had been vanquished by other peoples.

In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises ( BCE ) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format.

Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks ' West Coast delay woes.

By his first wife, Eschiva of Ibelin, he was the father of Hugh I of Cyprus and was crowned in Nicosia on September 22, 1197.

By this time Thomas Holt had left teaching and moved into theatrical and artist management in partnership with the noted entrepreneur Hugh D. McIntosh, owner of the Tivoli theatre circuit.

By 1326 Isabella found herself at increasing odds with both Edward and Hugh, ultimately resulting in Isabella's own bid for power and the invasion of England.

By 1325, Isabella's marriage to Edward II was effectively over, and she was facing increasing pressure from Hugh Despenser the younger, Edward's new royal favourite.

By now desperate and increasingly deserted by their court, Edward and Hugh Despenser the younger attempted to sail to Lundy, a small island just off the Devon coast, but the weather was against them and after several days they were forced to land back in Wales.

By Hugh X, Isabella had nine more children.

Hugh Luke argues that " By ending her story with the picture of the Earth's solitary inhabitant, she has brought nearly the whole weight of the novel to bear upon the idea that the condition of the individual being is essentially isolated and therefore ultimately tragic " ( xvii ).

By 1960 Sir Alan Bullock raised a further £ 1, 000, 000 with invaluable assistance from two industrial notables, Sir Alan Wilson ( whom he met by chance on the RMS Queen Mary ) and Sir Hugh Beaver.

By doing so, Hugh Macdonald writes, Smetana followed " a straightforward pattern of musical description ".

By Richard Hugh Seager.

: By the remains of the shrine of " Little St. Hugh ".

By his wife Agnes, daughter of Hugh Warham, a niece of Archbishop William Warham he had at least five sons and two daughters.

By 1940 Simon, along with his successor as Foreign Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare, had come to be seen as one of the " Guilty Men " responsible for appeasement of the dictators (" the snakiest of the lot " in Hugh Dalton's description ), and like Hoare his continued service in the War Cabinet was not regarded as acceptable in the new coalition.

By 1930 he was headlined in a J. C. Williamson production of The New Moon then as " Bobby Helpman, burlesque dancer " in Hugh D. McIntosh revues.

By 1090 Hugh de Grandmesnil was still defending his lands in Normandy.

* The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and ... By Hugh Chisholm

By the time the 1983 movie Still the Beaver aired on CBS, series star Hugh Beaumont had died.

By his first wife, Elizabeth Louches, he had a son, Sir Richard Camoys, who married Joan Poynings, and by her had three sons, John, Ralph and Hugh, and two daughters, Margaret and Eleanor.

By September 1922 Edward Hugh Hebern was so sure of imminent huge orders from the Navy and Army that he began building a factory in Oakland.

By virtue of his grant of Meath, Hugh de Lacy was appointed a Palatine Count in that territory and divided it amongst his various vassals who were commonly called “ De Lacy's Barons ”.

By 936, the duchy of Burgundy was divided between Hugh the Great and Hugh the Black.

By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O ' Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him.

By the summer of 1332, he was a commissioner of the peace in Staffordshire and had served abroad on royal business, accompanying Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester.