Mandatory priestly celibacy is not a doctrine, or dogma, of the Church ( examples of Catholic doctrine would be the principle of the absolute respect for life or the belief in the Assumption and Immaculate Conception ) but a church rule or discipline, like the use of the vernacular ( local ) language in Mass or the ancient rule of Lenten fasting and abstinence.

His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years ' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma.

During the 13th century Thomas Aquinas adopted the Aristotelian position that the senses are essential to mind into scholasticism, making it a dogma of Roman Catholic belief.

The Immaculate Conception is a dogma of the Catholic Church maintaining that from the moment when she was conceived the Blessed Virgin Mary was kept free of original sin and was filled with the sanctifying grace normally conferred during baptism.

The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states " that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.

It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 – 1853, promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for " Ineffable God "), which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception:

For the Roman Catholic Church the dogma of the Immaculate Conception gained additional significance from the reputed apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858.

In light of this questioning of the canon of Scripture by Protestants in the 16th century, the ( Roman Catholic ) Council of Trent reaffirmed the traditional western canon ( i. e., the canon accepted at the 4th-century Council of Rome and Council of Carthage ), thus making the Canon of Trent and the Vulgate Bible dogma in the Catholic Church.

Catholics recognize the pope as a successor to Saint Peter, whom, according to Roman Catholic teaching, Jesus named as the " shepherd " and " rock " of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic dogma is the one true Church founded by Christ.

We, adhering faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the Christian faith, to the glory of God, our Saviour, the elevation of the Catholic religion and the salvation of Christian peoples, with the approbation of the sacred Council, teach and explain that the dogma has been divinely revealed: that the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, that is, when carrying out the duty of the pastor and teacher of all Christians by his supreme apostolic authority he defines a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the universal Church, through the divine assistance promised him in blessed Peter, operates with that infallibility with which the divine Redeemer wished that His church be instructed in defining doctrine on faith and morals ; and so such definitions of the Roman Pontiff from himself, but not from the consensus of the Church, are unalterable.

" The dogma was preceded by the 1946 encyclical Deiparae Virginis Mariae, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization.

These tendencies however were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of papal infallibility and primacy of 1870, but are rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Roman Catholic laymen, who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See.

* 1254 – The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and so named by the Catholic Church.

It is most widely known for its recapitulation of the Catholic dogma that the Catholic Church is the sole true Church of Christ.

A Catholic dogma, Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus ( literally " no salvation outside the Church ") has sometimes been interpreted as denying salvation to non-Catholic Christians as well as non-Christians, though constant Catholic teaching has stressed the possibility of salvation for persons invincibly ignorant ( through no fault of their own ) of the Catholic Church's necessity and thus not culpable for lacking communion with the Church.

In a sense, Luther would take theology further in its deviation from established Roman Catholic dogma, forcing a rift between the humanist Erasmus and Luther.

The notion of purgatory is associated particularly with the Catholic Church.

The Roman Catholic Church considers that almost all of the ancient theological differences have been satisfactorily addressed ( the Filioque clause, the nature of purgatory, etc.

In religion, a papal bull authorized the use of torture in the Medieval Inquisition, and the Roman Catholic church clarified the concept of purgatory.

The theses debated and criticized the Church and the Pope, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, Catholic devotion to Mary, " The Mother of God ", the intercession of and devotion to the saints, most of the sacraments, the mandatory clerical celibacy, including monasticism, and the authority of the Pope.

At about this time, Waldo began to preach and teach publicly, based on his ideas of simplicity and poverty, notably that " No man can serve two masters, God and mammon " accompanied by strong condemnations of Papal excesses and Catholic dogmas, including purgatory and transubstantiation, while accusing them of being the harlot from the book of Revelation.

Therefore, the early Protestants argued for the elimination of traditions and doctrines they believed were based on distortions of Scripture, or were contrary to the Bible, but which the Roman Catholic Church considered scripturally-based aspects of the Christian faith, such as transubstantiation, the doctrine of purgatory, the veneration of images or icons, and especially the doctrine that the Pope in Rome is the head of the Church on earth ( Papal supremacy ).

He rejected the mass and Catholic concepts such as monastic vows, veneration of saints, and purgatory.

The assertion of propagandistic editorial intervention by Crowley exaggerates both his glosses, and the evidence that he deliberately deleted " Catholic " elements of Langland's poem — i. e., a few references to purgatory, transubstantiation, and some praise for monasticism.

In addition, every sin, even those that, not being mortal, are called venial sins, cause a turning from God through what the Catechism of the Catholic Church calls an unhealthy attachment to creatures, which must be purified either here on earth, or after death in the state called purgatory.

Mortalist theological arguments were also used to contest the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory and masses for the dead.

Morey suggests that William Tyndale ( 1494 – 1536 ) and John Wycliffe ( 1320 – 1384 ) taught the doctrine of soul sleep " as the answer to the Catholic teachings of purgatory and masses for the dead.

In his sermons he condemned Catholic doctrines such as purgatory and the use of images, as well as the low morals of the priests.

In the Catholic Church the assistance that the dead receive by prayer on their behalf is linked with the process of purification known as purgatory.

The Orthodox understanding of hell, said Bishop Hilarion, corresponds roughly to the Roman Catholic notion of purgatory.

Besides the Scriptures, there fell into his hands various evangelical writings, such as The Benefit of Christ's Death, Doctrine Old and New, and Summary of Sacred Scripture, which instilled in him doubts about Roman Catholic teachings, such as those on purgatory and veneration of the saints.

Once alone, the ghost describes his wanderings on the earth, and his harrowing life in purgatory, since he died without receiving the ordinances of the Catholic Church, such as Extreme Unction.

The claims were chiefly that the rulings of the state court judges were biased or unfair and that removal of the feeding tube constituted a risk that Schiavo, as a Roman Catholic, would face extended time in purgatory.

The result had been his suspension from office in March 1844 ; his public withdrawal, along with twenty-four adherents, from the Roman communion in August ; his excommunication ; and the formation, in October, of a " Christian Catholic " congregation which, while rejecting clerical celibacy, the use of Latin in public worship, and the doctrines of purgatory and transubstantiation, retained the Nicene theology and the doctrine of the seven sacraments.

As symptomatic of the common man's malaise, he is most significant: a liberal and a Catholic, elected by the skin of his teeth.

In his effort to stir the public from its lethargy, Steele goes so far as to list Catholic atrocities of the sort to be expected in the event of a Stuart Restoration, and, with rousing rhetoric, he asserts that the only preservation from these `` Terrours '' is to be found in the laws he has so tediously cited.

As it happens the English lady is a good Catholic herself, but of more liberal political persuasion.

The latter plays a prominent role in Roman Catholic theology and is considered decisive, entirely apart from Scripture, in determining the ethical character of birth-prevention methods.

The Roman Catholic natural-law tradition regards as self-evident that the primary objective purpose of the conjugal act is procreation and that the fostering of the mutual love of the spouses is the secondary and subjective end.

in fact, a contrast is often drawn in this regard with the `` impersonal '' Roman Catholic parish.

There can be no doubt that the American Catholic accomplishment in the field of higher education is most impressive: our European brethren never cease to marvel at the number and the size of our colleges and universities.

But the simple truth is that higher education has never really been an official American Catholic project ; ;

Yet for better or for worse, the truth of the matter is that most American Catholic colleges do not owe their existence to general Catholic support but rather to the initiative, resourcefulness and sacrifices of individual religious communities.

To understand the past history -- and the future potential -- of American Catholic higher education, it is necessary to appreciate the special character of the esprit de corps of the religious community.

It is this spirit which explains some of the anomalies of American Catholic higher education, in particular the wasteful duplication apparent in some areas.

I think for example of three women's colleges with pitifully small enrollments, clustered within a few miles of a major Catholic university, which is also co-educational.

Apart, however, from the question of wasteful duplication, there is another aspect of the `` family business '' spirit in American Catholic higher education which deserves closer scrutiny.

In the academic world there is seldom anything so dramatic as a strike or a boycott: all that happens is that the better qualified teacher declines to gamble two or three years of his life on the chance that conditions at the Catholic institution will be as good as those elsewhere.

Just as it is possible to exaggerate the drawing power of the new tenure practices, it is also possible to exaggerate the significance of the now relatively adequate salaries paid by major Catholic institutions.

Broadly speaking the total Catholic atmosphere is such an intangible but the larger demand is for a sense of creative participation and mature responsibility in the total work of the university.

In itself there is nothing wrong with this form of `` participation '': the only difficulty on the Catholic campus is that those faculty members who are in a position to implement policy, i.e., members of the religious community which owns and administers the institution, have their own eating arrangements.

For the `` tide is well on the turn '', as the London Catholic weekly Universe has written.

Now, in 1961, the Catholic population of England is still quite small ( ten per cent, or 5 million ) ; ;