Mandatory priestly celibacy is not a doctrine, or dogma, of the Church ( examples of Catholic doctrine would be the principle of the absolute respect for life or the belief in the Assumption and Immaculate Conception ) but a church rule or discipline, like the use of the vernacular ( local ) language in Mass or the ancient rule of Lenten fasting and abstinence.

His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years ' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma.

During the 13th century Thomas Aquinas adopted the Aristotelian position that the senses are essential to mind into scholasticism, making it a dogma of Roman Catholic belief.

The Immaculate Conception is a dogma of the Catholic Church maintaining that from the moment when she was conceived the Blessed Virgin Mary was kept free of original sin and was filled with the sanctifying grace normally conferred during baptism.

The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states " that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.

It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 – 1853, promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for " Ineffable God "), which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception:

For the Roman Catholic Church the dogma of the Immaculate Conception gained additional significance from the reputed apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858.

In light of this questioning of the canon of Scripture by Protestants in the 16th century, the ( Roman Catholic ) Council of Trent reaffirmed the traditional western canon ( i. e., the canon accepted at the 4th-century Council of Rome and Council of Carthage ), thus making the Canon of Trent and the Vulgate Bible dogma in the Catholic Church.

Catholics recognize the pope as a successor to Saint Peter, whom, according to Roman Catholic teaching, Jesus named as the " shepherd " and " rock " of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic dogma is the one true Church founded by Christ.

We, adhering faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the Christian faith, to the glory of God, our Saviour, the elevation of the Catholic religion and the salvation of Christian peoples, with the approbation of the sacred Council, teach and explain that the dogma has been divinely revealed: that the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, that is, when carrying out the duty of the pastor and teacher of all Christians by his supreme apostolic authority he defines a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the universal Church, through the divine assistance promised him in blessed Peter, operates with that infallibility with which the divine Redeemer wished that His church be instructed in defining doctrine on faith and morals ; and so such definitions of the Roman Pontiff from himself, but not from the consensus of the Church, are unalterable.

" The dogma was preceded by the 1946 encyclical Deiparae Virginis Mariae, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization.

These tendencies however were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of papal infallibility and primacy of 1870, but are rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Roman Catholic laymen, who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See.

* 1254 – The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and so named by the Catholic Church.

It is most widely known for its recapitulation of the Catholic dogma that the Catholic Church is the sole true Church of Christ.

In a sense, Luther would take theology further in its deviation from established Roman Catholic dogma, forcing a rift between the humanist Erasmus and Luther.

* The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and so named by the Catholic Church.

* 1888 The Catholic Dogma: Extra Ecclesiam Nullus Omnino Salvatur by Rev.

The Catholic League's cause was fueled by the doctrine Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus.

* Ecclesiam Suam, an encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Catholic Church given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, August 6, 1964, the second year of his Pontificate

Others, such as the Orthodox Churches and the Catholic Church, see Christ as the centre, but the Church also as essential ( extra Ecclesiam nulla salus ) because of the close union between Christ and the Church described in Biblical passages such as the Epistle to the Ephesians ( see Bride of Christ ), and they view the worship and piety of certain Protestants as centred on celebrity pastors and factions rather than on Christ.

Simmons, In Cruce Salus, A History of the Diocese of Auckland 1848-1980, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland 1982.

The Salus Populi Romani has been a favorite of several Popes and acted as a Roman Catholic Mariological symbol, especially in Rome itself.

At the same time Bismarck tried to reduce the political influence of the emancipated Catholic minority in the Kulturkampf, literally " culture struggle ".

* According to Catholic doctrine, the Catholic Church is a visible identifiable body that is literally catholic, in the sense of universal (" for all people ").

The movement was linked especially with certain Catholic French scholars such as Louis Duchesne, who questioned the belief that God acts in a direct way in the affairs of humanity, and Alfred Loisy, who denied that every line of Scripture was literally rather than perhaps metaphorically true.

Taking the narrative literally and judging from the estimated population of Bethlehem, the Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1910 ) more soberly suggested that these numbers were inflated, and that probably only between six and twenty children were killed in the town, with a dozen or so more in the surrounding areas.

There are also a number of hogescholen ( Vocational university, literally translated: " high schools ") such as the Katholieke Hogeschool Leuven ( KHLeuven ; the Catholic High School Leuven ), as well as a university college: Groep T ( Group T ).

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows ( IOOF ), Knights of Pythias Lodge, Soloka Lodge, Wanapum Tribe 28, Improved Order of Redmen, Cacciatori d ’ Africa ( literally Hunters of Africa – an Italian Lodge ), Croatian Fraternal Union Lodge No. 56, SNF Lodge No. 79 ( Croatian ), St. Barbara Lodge No. 39 ( Greek Catholic ), and Dr. David Starcevich Lodge No. 56 ( Croatian ) are among the organizations and ethnicities represented at the cemetery.

In the Roman Catholic Church ( and some Anglo-Catholic and Western Rite Orthodox churches ), the Passion story is depicted in the Stations of the Cross ( via crucis, also translated more literally as " Way of the Cross ").

The concept of a " culture war " has been in use in English since at least its adoption as a calque ( loan translation ) to refer to the German Kulturkampf (" cultural struggle " or " struggle between cultures "; literally, " battle of cultures "), the campaign from 1871 to 1878 under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of the German Empire against the influence of the Roman Catholic Church.

* Pontifex Maximus (" Supreme Pontiff " or " Chief Priest ", literally " Greatest Bridgemaker "), a title and office of Republican origin, which could not be used by " Catholic " emperors, while by that time only the Pope had a claim on the title of highest religious authority.

The German term ( literally, " culture struggle ") refers to German policies in relation to secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck.

Since in the old Catholic custom no-one may take Mass unless they have fasted since daybreak, this was literally a “ break fast ” for the bride and groom, though others in attendance would not necessarily take communion and therefore would not necessarily have been fasting.

However it is argued by protestants who claim that Jesus spoke of himself as the rock that the church is built on and only used the parallel of Peter's name for reference, but did not distinguish that upon Peter literally is the church built. This Church, constituted and organized as a society in the present world, subsists in ( subsistit in ) the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him.

The Dormition of the Theotokos (, Koímēsis, often anglicized as Kimisis ) is a Great Feast of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches which commemorates the " falling asleep " or death of the Theotokos ( Mary, the mother of Jesus ; literally translated as God-bearer ), and her bodily resurrection before being taken up into heaven.

In the Roman Catholic Church, a tribunal usually refers to literally one of three instances of ecclesiastical courts: ( 1 ) a diocesan tribunal ( 2 ) a provincial tribunal, that is, of more than one diocese and commonly referred to as an appellate court ( 3 ) the Sacra Rota Romana, or Sacred Roman Rota, the highest court of appeals.

Ne Temere ( literally meaning " not rashly " in Latin ) was a decree ( named for its opening words ) of the Roman Catholic Congregation of the Council regulating the canon law of the Church about marriage for practising Roman Catholics.

Chrism ( Greek word literally meaning " an anointing "), also called " myrrh " ( myron ), holy anointing oil, or " consecrated oil ", is a consecrated oil used in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Eastern Rite Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, and Old-Catholic churches, as well as some other traditions, including the Assyrian Church of the East, and Nordic-style Lutheran churches, in the administration of certain sacraments and ecclesiastical functions.

In the Catholic tradition, at the moment of consecration the elements ( called " gifts " for liturgical purposes ) are transformed ( literally transubstantiated ) into the Body and Blood of Christ.

In 1841, Holungen received its first Kaplan, literally “ Chaplain ”, a term used in German to mean a Roman Catholic priest in the first few years after his ordination.

This phrase is used in Catholic wedding ceremonies to announce the official ratification of the marriage, hence literally it means " it is ratified ".

Anastasius Bibliothecarius ( c. 810 – c. 878 ) was bibliothecarius ( literally " librarian ") and chief archivist of the Roman Catholic Church and also briefly an Antipope.