Nor does he account for the deviousness of the Duke of Hamilton, the official leader of the various factions opposed to the Union, who seemingly betrayed his former colleagues when he switched to the Unionist / Government side in the decisive final stages of the debate.

The Duke of Hamilton led an invasion of England to free the King, but he was defeated by Oliver Cromwell in August 1648 at the Battle of Preston.

In the early 19th century Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton ( 1767 – 1852 ) embarked on a programme of clearances that had a devastating effect on Arran's population.

His heirs, Earls of Abercorn, heirs male of the Hamilton family from 1651, became Marquesses of Abercorn in 1790, and Dukes of Abercorn in 1868 ; the 2nd Duke of Abercorn ( b. 1838 ) being a prominent Unionist politician and chairman of the British South Africa Company.

* June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman ( d. 1649 )

* December 14 – William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton, Scottish nobleman ( d. 1651 )

* January 17 – James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish peer ( b. 1724 )

* March 9 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman ( b. 1606 )

In December 1543, James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault, the appointed regent for the infant Mary, Queen of Scots, had decided with the Queen Mother, Mary of Guise, and Dr David Cardinal Beaton to persecute the Protestant sect that had taken root in Scotland.

From left to right: James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray | James Stewart ( Moray ), James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault | James Hamilton ( Châtellerault ), Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley | Lord Darnley, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox | Matthew Stewart ( Lennox ), William Maitland of Lethington | William Maitland ( Lethington ), William Kirkcaldy of Grange | William Kirkcaldy ( Grange ), James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton | James Douglas ( Morton ), John Knox, and George Buchanan

* January 22 – James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault ( b. 1516 )

** James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish nationalist ( b. 1658 )

* September 10 – Battle of Pinkie: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent.

** James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault ( d. 1572 )

Chatelherault Country Park | Chatelherault, built by William Adam ( architect ) | William Adam in 1743 as the James Douglas-Hamilton, 5th Duke of Hamilton | Duke of Hamilton's hunting lodge.

However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles's control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engagers army of the Duke of Hamilton, before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the Parliamentarians.

Acting on the advice of Alderman Matthew Wood and Lady Anne Hamilton ( daughter of Archibald Hamilton, 9th Duke of Hamilton ), she rejected the government's offer.

After producing a Vindication of the English Constitution, and some political pamphlets, Disraeli followed up Vivian Grey with a series of novels, The Young Duke ( 1831 ), Contarini Fleming ( 1832 ), Alroy ( 1833 ), Venetia and Henrietta Temple ( 1837 ).

* April 6 – Duke Charles Felix of Savoy ( d. 1831 )

** Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg ( d. 1831 )

# Prince August, Duke of Dalarna ( 1831 – 1873 )

Leopold I ( Leopold Georges Chrétien Frederic ; ; Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony ; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865 ) was from 21 July 1831 the first King of the Belgians, following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.

* 12 November 1826 – 21 July 1831 His Serene Highness ( His Royal Highness in the UK ) Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony

The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops.

In February 1831, the Congress nominated Louis, Duke of Nemours, the son of the French king Louis-Philippe, but international considerations deterred Louis-Philippe from accepting the honour for his son.

Since Joseph had no male children, and because Louis-Napoléon's own elder brother had died in 1831, the death of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1832 made Louis-Napoléon the Bonaparte heir in the next generation.

In November 1831, the young new Duke of Orléans and Maréchal Dalmatie were sent to repress the Canut revolts.

In 1831 Ferdinand Philippe and his young brother Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, set out on their first campaign, under Maréchal Gérard.

In 1809, one year after Murat's promotion from Grand Duke of Berg to King of Naples, Napoleon's young nephew, Prince Napoleon Louis Bonaparte ( 1804 – 1831, elder son of Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland ) became the Grand Duke of Berg ; French bureaucrats administered the territory in the name of the child.

The parentage of the girl, whose name was Pamela ( 1773 – 1831 ), is uncertain ; but although there is some evidence to support the story of Madame de Genlis that Pamela was born in Newfoundland of parents called Sims, the common belief that she was the daughter of Madame de Genlis herself by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans ( to whose children she was then acting as governess ), was probably well founded.

** Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia ( 1831 – 1832 ), daughter of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia

In October 1831, Stanley wrote a letter, the Stanley Letter, to the Duke of Leinster establishing the system of National Education in Ireland-this letter remains today the legal basis for the predominant form of primary education in Ireland.

William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire KG, PC ( 27 April 1808 – 21 December 1891 ), styled as Lord Cavendish of Keighley between 1831 and 1834 and known as The Earl of Burlington between 1834 and 1858, was a British landowner, benefactor and politician.

A settlement known as " New Town " grew in the area around the college which in 1831 was renamed Yorktown, after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany.

The Duke of Sussex married a second time on 2 May 1831 ( again in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act ) to Lady Cecilia Letitia Buggin ( 1793 – 1873 ), the eldest daughter of Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran and Elizabeth Underwood ; and the widow of Sir George Buggin.

When Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicated his throne in 1831, he claimed the title of Duke of Braganza.

When residents of these slums rioted in 1831, in protest against the Duke of Newcastle's opposition to the Reform Act 1832 they burned down the mansion.

The earliest-known use of the phrase is in Benjamin Disraeli's novel The Young Duke ( 1831 ).

* Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington 1821, 1831, 1838

Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster KG, PC, JP ( 13 October 1825 – 22 December 1899 ), styled Viscount Belgrave between 1831 and 1845 and Earl Grosvenor between 1845 and 1869 and known as The Marquess of Westminster between 1869 and 1874, was an English landowner, politician and racehorse owner.

Another experiment funded by the National Institutes of Health and conducted in 2007 at the Duke University in Durham, North Carolina suggests a different view, " that altruistic behavior may originate from how people view the world rather than how they act in it ".

* 1923 – The Duke of York weds Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon at Westminster Abbey.

* Adrian Bejan ( born 1948 ), Romanian-born professor of mechanical engineering at Duke University

Ealdred supported Harold as king, but when Harold was defeated at the Battle of Hastings, Ealdred backed Edgar the Ætheling and then endorsed King William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy and a distant relative of King Edward's.

On 23 January 1878 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid, Alfonso married his cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes, daughter of Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, but she died within six months of the marriage.

When Absalon retired from military service in 1184 at the age of fifty-seven, he resigned the command of fleets and armies to younger men, like Duke Valdemar, the later king Valdemar II.

Ken Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime crew of Apollo 13, but was exposed to the measles through Charles Duke, at that time on the back-up crew for Apollo 13, who had caught it from one of his children.

John Young and Charles Duke train at the Rio Grande Gorge in New Mexico.

Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the Lunar Module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded ; at one point, Charlie Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second.

Because of the delay, Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude higher than that of any previous mission, at.

The Lunar Module Orion, with Young and Duke inside, landed north and west of the planned landing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the mission, at 2: 23: 35 UTC on 21 April.

" Charles Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth and youngest human to walk on the Moon at age 36.

There, at a distance of from the LM, Young and Duke sampled material from the vicinity of Flag Crater, which scientists believed penetrated through the upper regolith layer to the underlying Cayley Formation.

Following their stop at Buster, Young did a demonstration drive of the lunar rover while Duke filmed with a 16 mm movie camera.

After completing more tasks at the ALSEP, Young and Duke returned to the LM to close out the moonwalk.

After departing the immediate landing site in the lunar rover, Young and Duke arrived at the day's first destination, the Cinco Craters, from the LM.

After marveling at the view from the side of Stone Mountain, which Duke described as " spectacular ", the astronauts gathered samples in the vicinity.

Bypassing station seven to save time, Young and Duke arrived at station eight on the lower flank of Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray from South Ray Crater for about an hour.

Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed of about, Young and Duke reached lunar orbit.

More than 40 have subsequently been produced in the West End, at the Royal National Theatre or by the Royal Shakespeare Company since his first hit Relatively Speaking opened at the Duke of York's Theatre in 1967.

This provision was repealed in 1716, at the request of George I, who was also the Elector of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg of the Holy Roman Empire, and so frequently needed and wanted to stay in Hanover.

Big bands such as those of Duke Ellington ( at the very beginning of his career ), Bennie Moten, and Count Basie performed head arrangements ( ibid ).