It has been estimated by scholars such as Joshua Prawer and Meron Benvenisti that there were at most 120, 000 Franks and 100, 000 Muslims living in the cities, with another 250, 000 Muslim and Eastern Christian peasants in the countryside.

Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany with the conclusion of the unification of the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria into one empire.

Although Gregory stated that he was willing to give up his allegiance to the Eastern Empire and place himself under the protection of the Franks, Charles made no promise to assist.

Fulk's autocratic style contrasted with the somewhat collegic association with their monarch that native Eastern Franks had come to enjoy.

Its usage in the term lingua franca originated from its meaning in Arabic and Greek, dating from before the Crusades and during the Middle Ages, whereby all Western Europeans were called " Franks " or Faranji in Arabic and Phrankoi in Greek during the times of the late Eastern Roman Empire.

Around 950 AD, the Eastern Franks ( Ottonian dynasty ) started to put pressure upon the Slavic peoples inhabiting large areas of what was to become, in the mid of the 20th Century, the German Democratic Republic.

After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the area of the province of Trieste was ruled by the Ostrogoths, Eastern Romans ( Byzantines ), Lombards and by the Franks.

# State of the Eastern Empire in the Tenth Century – Extent and Division – Wealth and Revenue – Palace of Constantinople – Titles and Offices – Pride and Power of the Emperors – Tactics of the Greeks, Arabs, and Franks – The Loss of Latin – Solitude of the Greeks

Though written by a Lombard from a Lombard point of view, it contains much information about the Eastern Roman Empire, the Franks, and others.

In the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, at most 120, 000 Franks ruled over 350, 000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians.

Croatian lands in the Dark Ages were located between three major entities: the Eastern Roman Empire which aimed to control the Dalmatian city-states and islands, the Franks which aimed to control the northern and northwestern lands, and the Avars, later Magyars, and other fledgling states in the northeast.

The Crimean Khanate continued to invade Eastern Europe in a series of slave raids, and remained a significant power in Eastern Europe and a threat to Muscovite Russia in particular until the end of the 17th century.

Hitler however cut a deal with Joseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe ; when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war ; the British Commonwealth followed London's lead.

* The Ephthalites ( White Huns ) invade Western Asia and reduce the Persian threat to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Primorsky Krai was a strategic location in World War II for both the Soviet Union and Japan and clashes over the territory were common as Soviets and allies considered it a key location to invade Japan through Korea and Japan viewed it as a key location to begin a mass invasion of Eastern Russia.

A German tradition claimed a group called the Red Jews would invade Europe at the end of the world ; the " Red Jews " became associated with different peoples, but especially the Eastern European Jews and the Ottoman Turks.

On 22 December 1941, the Japanese 14th Army under Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma landed on the Eastern part of the gulf at Agoo, Caba, Santiago and Bauang, where they engaged in a number of relatively minor skirmishes with the defenders, which consisted of a poorly-equipped contingent of predominantly Filipino and American troops, and managed to successfully invade and occupy the gulf.

Consequent reforms enabling further democratization can also be interpreted as a response to the Soviet threat since the Soviet Union was about to get permission from the former allies to invade the Eastern part of Turkey and to limit Turkish sovereignty over her straits.

After the fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the demise of the Three Kingdoms, nomadic tribes from the north began to invade in the 4th century, eventually conquering areas of Northern China and setting up many small kingdoms.

In the second half of March 1939, Goerdeler together with Dr. Schacht and Hans Bernd Gisevius visited Ouchy, Switzerland to meet with a senior French intelligence agent representing the Premier Édouard Daladier Goerdeler told the Deuxième Bureau agent that the strain of massive military spending had left the German economy on the verge of collapse, that Hitler was determined to use the Danzig issue as an excuse to invade Poland, which in itself was only a prelude for a German seizure of all of Eastern Europe, that a forceful Anglo-French diplomatic stand could deter Hitler, and that if Hitler were deterred long enough, then the economic collapse of Germany would cause the downfall of his regime.

At the same time, the Ottomans advanced into Eastern Thrace and retook Adrianople, while Romania used the opportunity to invade Bulgaria from the north and advance against little opposition to within a short distance of the Bulgarian capital, Sofia.

Islam appeared in the 7th century and spurred Arab peoples to invade the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanian Empire of Persia, destroying the latter ; and, after conquering all of North Africa and Visigothic Spain, to invade much of modern France.

As a secondary objective, the 1st Far Eastern Front was to prevent Japanese forces from escaping to Korea, and then invade the Korean peninsula up to the 38th parallel, establishing in the process what later became North Korea.

Centuries later modern scholarship discovered evidence showing that the Alans, a late Sarmatian people speaking an Iranian idiom, did invade Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe before the sixth century, and that these " Sarmatians evidently formed the area's ruling class, which was gradually Slavicized.

After the Mongolian succeeded in conquering most of Central Asian and Eastern Europe, they marched south in order to invade DaLy, and Song.

Just before he departed, the fighting in Europe halted, and King Felipe V of Spain ordered them not to invade Louisiana, but instead find a way to retake Eastern Texas without using force.

In 228, during the reign of Cao Rui, he was posted with Cao Xiu to invade Eastern Wu, at the Battle of Shiting.

Throughout his reign, Bayezid II engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in Morea, accurately defining this region as the key to future Ottoman naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

In 383, Former Qin mobilized its troops and intended to conquer Eastern Jin.

He was particularly encouraged by reports of Sun Hao's cruelty and ineptitude in governing Eastern Wu ; indeed, the officials in favor of war against Eastern Wu often cited this as reason to act quickly, as they argued that Eastern Wu would be harder to conquer if and when Sun Hao was replaced.

Later that year, Yang Hu reminded Emperor Wu of his plan to conquer Eastern Wu.

The Crimea Campaign was an eight month long campaign of the Axis forces to conquer the Crimea peninsula, and was the scene of some of the bloodiest battles on the Eastern Front during World War II.

He then embarked upon a plan to conquer southern China which was under the Eastern Jin Dynasty ( 317-420 ).

Shortly after Theodoric's death in 526, the country was captured by the Eastern Roman Empire, in a war which caused enormous damage and depopulation to Italy.

During their brief diversion from the Eastern Roman Empire, the Huns appear to have threatened tribes further west, as evidenced by Radagaisus ' entering Italy at the end of 405 and the crossing of the Rhine into Gaul by Vandals, Sueves, and Alans in 406.

Across Europe Bricha (" flight "), an organization of former partisans and ghetto fighters, smuggled Jewish holocaust survivors from Eastern Europe to Italy, where small boats tried to breach the British blockade of Palestine.

This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU, due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new Eastern European member states in 2004.

Progestin-only EC is available as a dedicated emergency contraceptive product under many names worldwide, including: in the U. S., Canada and Honduras as Plan B ; in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal and Italy as Levonelle ; in South Africa as Escapelle ; in 44 nations including France, most of Western Europe, India, and several countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America as NorLevo ; and in 44 nations including most of Eastern Europe, Mexico and many other Latin American countries, Portugal, Australia and New Zealand, Israel, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore as Postinor-2.

* 668 – Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy.

Diaghilev's gravestone, Isola di San Michele, Eastern Orthodox Church | Orthodox section, Venice, Italy ( April, 2011 )

Theodoric the Great (; ;, Theuderikhos ; ; ; 454 – August 30, 526 ) was king of the Ostrogoths ( 471 – 526 ), ruler of Italy ( 493 – 526 ), regent of the Visigoths ( 511 – 526 ), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe ( where especially Italy, the Netherlands, and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the late 1980s ), in Russia, and in other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as in the United States.

Runestones attest to voyages to locations such as Bath, Greece, Khwaresm, Jerusalem, Italy ( as Langobardland ), London, Serkland ( i. e. the Muslim world ), England, and various locations in Eastern Europe.

In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Allied invasion of Fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts.

True beaded wire, produced by mechanically distorting a round-section wire, appeared in the Eastern Mediterranean and Italy in the seventh century BC, perhaps disseminated by the Phoenicians.

Meanwhile, the surviving Eastern Roman Empire began to expand under the emperor Justinian, who eventually recaptured North Africa from the Vandals, and attempted to fully recover Italy as well in the hope of re-establishing Roman control over the lands once ruled by the Western Roman Empire.

* September 15 – Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy.

Odoacer ruled as King of Italy for 13 years, but in 489 the Eastern Emperor Zeno sent the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great to re-take the Italian peninsula.

Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor Justinian I who solidified his rule in the following years.

During the 6th millennium BC, agriculture spread from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe, and also from Mesopotamia to Egypt.

The collapse of communism in Albania came later and was more chaotic than in other Eastern European countries and was marked by a mass exodus of refugees to Italy and Greece in 1991 and 1992.

Lombardy (, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

His army was probably laden with booty from plunder ; a plague broke out in northern Italy ; food shortages may also be responsible for Attila ´ s withdrawal, as well as military actions of the Eastern Emperor Marcianus on the Danube frontier.

In Central and Eastern Europe horseradish is called khreyn ( in various spellings like kren ) in many Slavic languages, in Austria, in parts of Germany ( where the other German name Meerrettich isn't used ), in North-East Italy, and in Yiddish ( כריין translitered as khreyn ).

The distribution of species is variable ; while some are found on all continents, others, as for example the white truffle Tuber magnatum, only occur in isolated locations in Italy and Eastern Europe.

Continuing his campaign into Italy Maximus was stopped from overthrowing Valentinian II, who was aged only twelve, when Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor, sent Flavius Bauto with a powerful force to stop him.

By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe.