Ambroise ( flourished c. 1190 ) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called L ' Estoire de la guerre sainte, which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of Richard Coeur de Lion as a crusader.

These works were the Estoire del Saint Grail, the Estoire de Merlin, the Lancelot propre ( or Prose Lancelot, which made up half the entire Vulgate Cycle on its own ), the Queste del Saint Graal and the Mort Artu, which combine to form the first coherent version of the entire Arthurian legend.

As such, Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances ; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu.

Robert's poem was rewritten in prose in the 12th century as the Estoire de Merlin, also called the Vulgate or Prose Merlin.

* L ' Estoire d ' Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d ' Outremer, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, Historiens occidentaux, vols.

He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei ( the History of Saint Edward the King ), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee. 3. 59.

Wallace, La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei, Anglo-Norman Text Society 41 ( 1983 ).

* Estoire de Merlin, a section of the Lancelot-Grail cycle

This French translation came to be known as the History of Heraclius or the Estoire de Eracles, because William of Tyre began his chronicle with the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius.

* in the late 12th or early 13th century, Robert de Boron associates the wizard Merlin with Brocéliande in his poem Merlin, also known as the Estoire de Merlin, or the Vulgate or Prose Merlin.

This statement was likely picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor " is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron, steel, and wood '" (" c ' est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust "; note that the word for " steel " here, achier, also means " blade " or " sword " and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies " sharp ", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ).

There are descriptions of the battle in the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, the Old French continuation of William of Tyre called Estoire d ' Eracles and, from the Kurdish and Arab side, in Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad's Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, Abu Shama and Ibn al-Athir.

* The Estoire del Saint Graal, the first part of the Vulgate Cycle ( but written after Lancelot and the Queste ), based on Robert ’ s tale but expanding it greatly with many new details.

William of Tyre discovers Baldwin's first symptoms of leprosy ( MS of L ' Estoire d ' Eracles ( French translation of William of Tyre's Historia ), painted in France, 1250s.

William of Tyre discovers Baldwin's first symptoms of leprosy ( MS ofL ' Estoire d ' Eracles ( French translation of William of Tyre's Historia ), painted in France, 1250s.

), L ’ Estoire des Engleis by Geffrei Gaimar, Anglo-Norman Texts 14 – 16, OUP, 1960.

), Geffrei Gaimar Estoire Des Engleis History of the English, OUP, 2009.

"< ref >< cite > PG </ cite > 46: 943 / 4A .</ ref > Similar powers are attributed to the Irish saints: kindling lamps, curing dumbness .< ref > Charles Plummer, ed., < cite > Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae </ cite > ( Oxford, 1910 ), 1: clxxviii .</ ref > This theme, too, persists in later hagiographic and quasi-hagiographic texts, appearing, for example in the Estoire del saint graal as the agency by which a madman is miraculously restored.

* The Estoire del Saint Grail ( The History of the Holy Grail ), about Joseph of Arimathea and his son Josephus bringing the Grail to Britain.

A genealogy for the family of Joseph of Arimathea and the history of his further adventures in the east provide material for Holy Grail romances Estoire del Saint Graal, Perlesvaus, and the Queste del Saint Graal.

Yet the so-called L ' Estoire des Bretons does not survive, and his indebtedness to Geoffrey of Monmouth appears only in Gaimar's knowledge of Galfridian legendary history.

* XVth century Old French Estoire del saint Graal manuscript BNF fr.

Geoffrey Gaimar, in his Estoire des Engleis, says instead that Hereward lived for some time as an outlaw in the Fens, but that as he was on the verge of making peace with William, he was set upon and killed by a group of Norman knights.

* Geoffrey Gaimar-Twelfth century Norman historian who wrote L ' Estoire des Engleis.

His L ' Estoire des Engles translates extensive portions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as well as using Latin and French sources.

In Robert de Boron's Merlin he is called simply Pendragon and his younger brother is named Uter, which he changes to Uterpendragon after the death of the elder sibling.

In Robert de Boron's Merlin, Arthur obtained the throne by pulling a sword from a stone.

Merlin reciting his poem s, as illustrated in the French book from the 13th century " Merlin ", by Robert de Boron.

Several decades later, the poet Robert de Boron retold this material in his poem Merlin.

* Breton-Guay, Neomie, Merlin l ' Enchanteur dans les images de la renaissance arthurienne, 2006.

* Cadieux-Larochelle, Josee, Pour forger un mythe: les avatars de Merlin, 1996.

* Hersart, Theodore, Myrdhin ou l ' enchanteur Merlin: son histoire, ses oeuvres, son influence, Paris, Terre de Brume, 1989.

* La Croix, Arnaud de, Arthur, Merlin et le Graal, un mythe revisite, Monaco, Editions du Rocher, 2001.

Chapter I to VI cover Robert de Boron's Merlin.

The sections from The Birth of Merlin to Arthur and the Sword in the Stone cover Robert de Boron's Merlin ).

Lines 1 – 3059 cover approximately Robert de Boron's Merlin ).

de: Merlin

In Robert de Boron's Merlin, written around the 1190s, the wizard Merlin creates the Round Table in imitation of the table of the Last Supper and of Joseph of Arimathea's Holy Grail table.

The Merlin was also used in the Avro Lancaster and de Havilland Mosquito bombers.

In Robert de Boron's Merlin Uther Pendragon kills Hengest after an assassination attempt by the Saxon leader and Merlin creates the Round Table for him.

This story was repeated in many retellings of the Arthurian cycle, including Robert de Boron's Merlin and the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, though the narrative greatly contradicts the known history of this period.

In Robert de Boron's later Merlin, Igraine's previous husband is an unnamed Duke of Tintagel and it is by him that she becomes the mother of two unnamed daughters.