* 1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " describing the double helix structure of DNA.

Molecular mechanics simulations, for example, use a single classical expression for the energy of a compound, for instance the harmonic oscillator.

* Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics

Molecular distillation is used industrially for purification of oils.

Molecular sieves are often used for this purpose as well.

Two sister organizations were formed: the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing and the Center for Constitutional Issues in Technology.

See, for example, the Molecular Genealogy Research Project.

Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.

In practice, credit has accrued to both the inventor and the company ( although not its individual workers ) in the form of a Nobel Prize and a $ 10, 000 Cetus bonus for Mullis and $ 300 million for Cetus when the company sold the patent to Roche Molecular Systems.

* Centre for Molecular Protein Science

", Micro and Mol Biol Revs, 68, 796-813 ( available online at Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology )

Molecular structure of 3, 4-diaminopyridine, a commonly used drug treatment for LEMS.

* MARS, or Molecular Adsorbents Recirculation System for liver dialysis

For instance, polyethylene ( PE ) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas medium-density polyethylene ( MDPE ) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints.

In 1992, Drexler published Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, a detailed proposal for synthesizing stiff covalent structures using a table-top factory.

* Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance Edited by BC Crandall ( ISBN 0-262-53137-2 ) offers interesting ideas for MNT applications.

* Institute for Molecular Manufacturing

Molecular nanotechnology is highly theoretical, seeking to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield and to propose an agenda for future inquiry.

According to Robert Freitas of the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, a typical blood borne medical nanorobot would be between 0. 5-3 micrometres in size, because that is the maximum size possible due to capillary passage requirement.

Robert A. Freitas Jr. is a Senior Research Fellow, one of four researchers at the nonprofit foundation Institute for Molecular Manufacturing in Palo Alto, California.

The theory has been presented in 2005 by Marc W. Kirschner, a professor and chair of Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, and John C. Gerhart, a professor in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.

Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2005 22 ( 10 ): 1964-1975 ;.

In 2000, a special section of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ) was devoted to " evo-devo ", and an entire 2005 issue of the Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution was devoted to the key evo-devo topics of evolutionary innovation and morphological novelty.

* John Kuriyan, 1980, 2005 winner of the Richard Lounsbery Award for extraordinary scientific achievement, Howard Hughes Investigator and Chancellor's Professor of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology at the University of California Berkeley.

In 2005 and 2007 studies, a geneticist with the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation showed " with 99. 9 percent accuracy " that five of these individuals were in fact not Smith descendants: Mosiah Hancock ( son of Clarissa Reed Hancock ), Oliver Buell ( son of Prescindia Huntington Buell ), Moroni Llewellyn Pratt ( son of Mary Ann Frost Pratt ), Zebulon Jacobs ( son of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith ), and Orrison Smith ( son of Fanny Alger ).

In addition, in September 2005 UWA opened its $ 64 million Molecular and Chemical Sciences building as part of a commitment to nurturing and developing high quality research and development.

* Grau, Erwin T .; Pereira, Sérgio Luiz ; Silveira, Luís Fábio ; Höfling, Elizabeth & Wanjtal, Anita ( 2005 ): Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans ( Aves: Galliformes ): Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of Aburria Reichenbach, 1853.

A .; Capparella, Angelo P .; Vuilleumier, François ( 2005 ): Molecular phylogenetic relationships among the Geositta miners ( Furnariidae ) and biogeographic implications for avian speciation in Fuego-Patagonia.

* Fjeldså, Jon ; Irestedt, Martin & Ericson, Per G. P. ( 2005 ): Molecular data reveal some major adaptational shifts in the early evolution of the most diverse avian family, the Furnariidae.

* Fjeldså, Jon ; Irestedt, Martin & Ericson, Per G. P. ( 2005 ): Molecular data reveal some major adaptational shifts in the early evolution of the most diverse avian family, the Furnariidae.

* Takehana, Yusuke ; Naruse, Kiyoshi & Sakaizumi, Mitsuru ( 2005 ): Molecular phylogeny of the medaka fishes genus Oryzias ( Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.

The Blizard Building, home to the Medical School ’ s Institute of Cell and Molecular Science opened at the Whitechapel campus in 2005.

* Berger and Dubrovsky ( 2005 ) Juvenile Hormone Molecular Actions and Interactions During Development of Drosophila.

Notably, Thomson ScienceWatch, which quantifies citations-per-paper for work published between 2005 – 2009, ranked UTSW 1st in the world for published research in Clinical Medicine, 1st in Biology & Biochemistry, 2nd in Neurobiology / Behavior, and 3rd in Molecular Biology / Genetics.

* Weckstein, Jason D. ( 2005 ): Molecular Phylogenetics of the Ramphastos Toucans: Implications for the Evolution of Morphology, Vocalizations, and Coloration.

* The male model featured in a newspaper advertisement promoting the Food Science course published in 2005 was a student of module group MB0403 from the Molecular Biotechnology course.

* K. Sneppen and G. Zocchi, ( 2005 ) Physics in Molecular Biology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84419-3

* Sarkar, S., 2005, Molecular models of life: philosophical papers on molecular biology.

* 14th Swiss Plant Molecular and Cell Biology Conference, March 2005. http :// www. unifr. ch / plantbio / skmb / abstracts. pdf

* Grau, Erwin T .; Pereira, Sérgio Luiz ; Silveira, Luís Fábio ; Höfling, Elizabeth & Wanjtal, Anita ( 2005 ): Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans ( Aves: Galliformes ): Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of Aburria Reichenbach, 1853.

Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include Astrochemistry ( and Cosmochemistry ), Atmospheric chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental science, Forensic science, Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, Medical science, Molecular Biology, Molecular genetics, Nanotechnology, Nuclear chemistry, Oenology, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, Photochemistry, Phytochemistry, Polymer chemistry, Supramolecular chemistry and Surface chemistry.

Molecular clouds, and especially " giant " molecular clouds ( GMCs ), are often the home of astronomical masers.

Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states ( electron paramagnetic resonance ), molecular rotations, molecular vibration and electronic states.

*" Microscope Objectives: Numerical Aperture and Resolution " by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson, Molecular Expressions: Optical Microscopy Primer ( website ), Florida State University, April 22, 2004.

* Center for Molecular Medicine ( CMM ), a research institute in Sweden

* Alexander Rosenberg ( 2006 ), Darwinian Reductionism or How to Stop Worrying and Love Molecular Biology.

Other research centres in or near Grenoble include the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ), the Institut Laue-Langevin ( ILL ), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ), and one of the Commissariat à l ' Énergie Atomique ( Nuclear Energy Commission )( CEA ) main research facilities.

* Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P., ( 2002 ), Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fourth Edition, ( 428-429 ) Garland Science, 0-8153-4072-9 ( Web Edition, Free access )

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

“ Hybrid PNA / DNA Nanosystems .” In 1st International Conference on Nanoscale / Molecular Mechanics ( N-M2-I ), Outrigger Wailea Resort, Maui, Hawaii.

Israel has joined the European Union's Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development ( FP ) in 1994, and is a member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ), the European Molecular Biology Organization ( EMBO ) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ).

NCBI provides Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, the Molecular Modeling Database ( 3D protein structures ), dbSNP ( a database of single-nucleotide polymorphisms ), the Unique Human Gene Sequence Collection, a map of the human genome, a taxonomy browser, and coordinates with the National Cancer Institute to provide the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project.

Some notable examples are Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology ( ISMB ), European Conference on Computational Biology ( ECCB ) and Research in Computational Molecular Biology ( RECOMB ).

( Wind energy ), Power Technologies Inc. ( Schenectady, USA, energy industry software and training ), CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ), Myrio ( IPTV systems ), Shaw Power Technologoes International Ltd ( UK / USA, electrical engineering consulting, acquired from Shaw Group ), and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK, rail and other industry control and asset management ).