Molecular sieves are often utilized in the petroleum industry, especially for the purification of gas streams and in the chemistry laboratory for separating compounds and drying reaction starting materials.

Molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, plant populations, and communities of plants are all aspects of plant life that are studied.

Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include Astrochemistry ( and Cosmochemistry ), Atmospheric chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental science, Forensic science, Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, Medical science, Molecular Biology, Molecular genetics, Nanotechnology, Nuclear chemistry, Oenology, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, Photochemistry, Phytochemistry, Polymer chemistry, Supramolecular chemistry and Surface chemistry.

Molecular bond energies are on the order of one eV per molecule.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbitals or hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms.

Molecular orbitals are obtained from the combination of atomic orbitals, which predict the location of an electron in an atom.

Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbitals, which are allowed if the symmetries ( determined from group theory ) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.

Molecular orbitals are said to be degenerate if they have the same energy.

Similar ideas are advocated in the Foresight Guidelines on Molecular Nanotechnology, and a map of the 137-dimensional replicator design space recently published by Freitas and Merkle provides numerous proposed methods by which replicators could, in principle, be safely controlled by good design.

GMCs are so large that " local " ones can cover a significant fraction of a constellation ; thus they are often referred to by the name of that constellation, e. g. the Orion Molecular Cloud ( OMC ) or the Taurus Molecular Cloud ( TMC ).

Molecular clouds, and especially " giant " molecular clouds ( GMCs ), are often the home of astronomical masers.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that Perissodactyla and Cetartiodactyla are closest to Carnivora and Pholidota rather than to Pseudungulata.

Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that the hagfishes are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense.

Molecular analytical techniques developed in the late 20th century are being applied to questions of taxonomic classification.

Molecular techniques are also widely used in studies of avian population biology and ecology.

Molecular phylogeny studies, however, have shown that the mysterious mesozoans are polyphyletic.

Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons, whilst molecular models are typically concerned with Molecular Hydrogen and it's Molecular hydrogen ion.

Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is the thermal motion of all ( liquid or gas ) particles at temperatures above absolute zero.

Molecular hydrogen is difficult to detect by infrared and radio observations, so the molecule most often used to determine the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > is CO ( carbon monoxide ).

Molecular biophysicists often consider complex biological events as systems of interacting units which can be understood through statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and chemical kinetics.

** Molecular diffusivity ( often called " diffusion coefficient ")

Molecular hydrides often involve additional ligands such as, diisobutylaluminium hydride ( DIBAL ) consists of two aluminum centers bridged by hydride ligands.

It is treated by Arthroplasty, the replacement of the joint by a synthetic joint often made of a Stainless Steel alloy ( cobalt chromoly ) and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene ( UHMWPE ).

Herzberg authored some classic works in the field of spectroscopy, including Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure and the encyclopaedic four volume work: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, which is often called the spectroscopist's bible.

Molecular modeling software often provides graphical images of electron density.

Molecular genetic studies revealed, that the traditional classification, based on morphological and anatomical characters, often did not reflect the phylogenetical relationships.

The dimer of cyclopentadiene although this might not be readily apparent on initial inspection Molecular dimers are often formed by the reaction of two identical compounds e. g.: 2A → A-A.

NAMD ( Not ( just ) Another Molecular Dynamics program ) is a free-of-charge molecular dynamics simulation package written using the Charm ++ parallel programming model, noted for its parallel efficiency and often used to simulate large systems ( millions of atoms ).

* April 25-Francis Crick and James D. Watson of the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " in the British journal Nature ( first announced on February 28 at a Solvay Conference ), often ranked as one of the most dramatic results in biology during the 20th century because of the structural beauty and functional logic of the DNA double helix.

Molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics are most often used to predict the conformation of the small molecule and to model conformational changes in the biological target that may occur when the small molecule binds to it.

Molecular and physiological data linking this family to others is ambiguous and often contradictory, which means the taxonomy of this family is highly contentious.

Molecular phylogenetic investigation ( as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy ) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi.

Molecular absorption is often referred to as ' telluric absorption ', as it is caused by the Earth (" telluric " is a synonym of " terrestrial ").

Molecular distillation is used industrially for purification of oils.

Molecular structure of 3, 4-diaminopyridine, a commonly used drug treatment for LEMS.

For instance, polyethylene ( PE ) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas medium-density polyethylene ( MDPE ) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints.

* Molecular self-assembly-Arbitrary sequences of DNA can now be synthesized cheaply in bulk, and used to create custom proteins or regular patterns of amino acids.

Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.

* Molecular replacement – if a related structure is known, it can be used as a search model in molecular replacement to determine the orientation and position of the molecules within the unit cell.

Molecular materials for electronics is a term used to refer to bulk applications of conductive polymers.

Molecular clocks have been used to suggest an origin in the Pacific in the Paleocene.

Molecular markers ( small lengths of DNA of a characterized / known sequence ) are used to ' tag ' and thus track such translocations.

* Molecular sieve, a material containing tiny pores of a precise and uniform size that is used as an adsorbent for gases and liquids.

* LAMMPS ( Large-scale Atomic / Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator ) is a molecular dynamics library that can be used to model parallel atomic / subatomic processes at large scale.

Molecular dynamics is used in many fields of science.

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to probe the mechanisms of viral assembly.

* Mesoporous Molecular Sieve, a porous material used in catalysis

* Molecular breast imaging ( MBI ), is a new technology used for breast imaging.

Molecular beam epitaxy is also used for the deposition of some types of organic semiconductors.

Molecular rotational transitions can also be observed by Raman spectroscopy, in which only part of the energy of an incident photon is used for molecular excitation and rest is scattered as a photon of lower E ( longer wavelength ).

Molecular mechanics can be used to study small molecules as well as large biological systems or material assemblies with many thousands to millions of atoms.

Molecular mechanics potential energy functions have been used to calculate binding constants, protein folding kinetics, protonation equilibria, active site coordinates, and to design binding sites.