So named due to its resemblance to a traditional agricultural plough ( or more specifically two ploughshares ), many manufacturers produce a plough-style design, all based on or direct copies of the original CQR ( Secure ), a 1933 design patented in the UK ( US patent in 1934 ) by mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.

In 1986 the US Patent and Trademarks Office allowed the granting of a patent on the ayahuasca vine B. Caapi.

In 1999 they brought a legal challenge to this patent which had granted a private US citizen " ownership " of the knowledge of a plant that is well-known and sacred to many indigenous peoples of the Amazon, and used by them in religious and healing ceremonies.

In 2001, after an appeal by the patent holder, the US Patent Office reinstated the patent.

The patent, held by US entrepreneur Loren Miller, expired in 2003.

The first US patent was issued to J. Cerneau and S. S. Hallet in 1809.

( According to the PGP FAQ, the US patent expired on May 25, 2010.

However, US patent law was changed in 1995 such that patents now expire 20 years after filing, not 17 years after issuing.

Early rowing machines are known to have existed from the mid 1800s, a US patent being issued to WB Curtis in 1872 for a particular hydraulic based damper design.

In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as “ a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated .” The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force.

Independent inventors account for 70 % of the new US patent applications in this area.

Inventors can now have their insurance US patent applications reviewed by the public in the Peer to Patent program.

* 1887 – Herman Hollerith applies for US patent # 395, 791 for the ' Art of Applying Statistics ' – his punched card calculator.

* 1889 – Herman Hollerith is issued US patent # 395, 791 for the ' Art of Applying Statistics ' — his punched card calculator.

In 1845, industrialist Peter Cooper ( who built the first American steam-powered locomotive, the Tom Thumb ), obtained a patent ( US Patent 4084 ) for powdered gelatin.

Despite clear priority of discovery, Gesner did not obtain his first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after James Young's US patent.

In 1852, he took out a US patent for the same invention.

* — c10n. info's overview of US patent # 7, 096, 360, " n " Frequency-Time Based Data Compression Method " supporting the compression, encryption, decompression, and decryption and persistence of many binary digits through frequencies where each frequency represents many bits.

Thomas Edison received US patent 180, 857 for " Autographic Printing " on August 8, 1876.

In 1880 Edison obtained a further patent, US 224, 665: " Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing ", which covered the making of stencils using a file plate, a grooved metal plate on which the stencil was placed which perforated the stencil when written on with a blunt metal stylus.

Network effects were a central theme in the arguments of Theodore Vail, the first post patent president of Bell Telephone, in gaining a monopoly on US telephone services.

* 1994 US Patent 5, 282, 222 for wireless data transmission-The patent " tree " rooted on this patent has upwards of 20, 000 nodes and leaves references.

It was the Short Range Committee, chaired by Joseph Wegstein of the US National Bureau of Standards, that during the following months created a description of the first version of COBOL.

* Joseph Crowley – member of the US House of Representatives

During the McCarthy Era in 1947, when US Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that the federal government and other institutions were riddled with Communists, the US House began hearings about purported communist influence in Hollywood.

* 1934 – Joseph P. Hoar, former US Central Command commander

* Joseph B. Smith ( 1826 – 1861 ), US Naval officer

* Joseph R. Smith, US Brigadier General

In the US, the new novels Moscow Club ( 1991 ) by Joseph Finder, Masquerade ( 1996 ) by Gayle Lynds, and The Unlikely Spy ( 1996 ) by Daniel Silva, and in the UK, A Spy By Nature ( 2001 ) by Charles Cumming and Remembrance Day ( 2000 ) by Henry Porter, maintained the spy novel in the post – Cold War world.

* Joseph E. McDonald, US Representative and Senator

In May 2011, the hotel was sold to real estate developer Joseph Chetrit for US $ 80 million dollars.

The route started at St. Joseph, Missouri on the Missouri River, it then followed what is modern day US 36 — the Pony Express Highway — to Marysville, Kansas, where it turned northwest following Little Blue River to Fort Kearny in Nebraska.

Clay's most notable client was Aaron Burr in 1806, after the US District Attorney Joseph Hamilton Daviess indicted him for planning an expedition into Spanish Territory west of the Mississippi River.

In the post – Cold War ( 1945 – 1991 ) world, the French Socialist politician Hubert Védrine described the USA as a hegemonic hyperpower, because of its unilateral military actions worldwide, especially against Iraq ; while the US political scientists John Mearsheimer and Joseph Nye counter that the USA is not a true hegemon because it has neither the financial nor the military resources to impose a proper, formal, global hegemony.

According to Indian Gaming CPA Firm Joseph Eve's 2012 Indian Gaming Cost of Doing Business Report, average revenues of Indian Casinos across the United States is at about US $ 77 million.

* Joseph Cotten as the Narrator ( pre-1999 US version )

Critics later charged that the speech provided Joseph Stalin and Kim Il-sung with reason to believe the US would not intervene if they invaded the South.

Journal of the Tansoor Historical Society, fanzine from US by Joseph K. Adams.

Gomo Guide to Thoneport, fanzine from US by Joseph K.

Joseph Darby, former US Army sergeant who as the first soldier to take official action against suspected and later confirmed mistreatment of prisoners by other soldiers in Abu Ghraib.

Beginning in 1827, US scientist Joseph Henry systematically improved and popularized the electromagnet.

2008 election results are as follows: Republican Jack Hoogendyk received 59. 08 % of Ottawa County's vote in his failed bid against US Senator Carl Levin ; Republican Representative Peter Hoekstra received 71. 7 % of the vote ; Republican David Agema received 73. 45 % in the race for the 74th district ; Republican Arlan B. Meekhof received 60. 71 % in his race for the 89th District ; Republican Joseph Haveman received 71. 92 % in his race for the 90th District ; and Holly Hughes received 61. 55 % in her failed bid against Mary Valentine for the 91st District.

The former route of US 31 between Berrien Springs and St. Joseph was redesignated as M-139.

It runs northwest into downtown St. Joseph, then runs northeast along Lake Michigan before its northern terminus at a junction with US 31 and I-196 just south of the county boundary.

* Joseph Kirkwood House, historic dwelling in Bridgeport, in the US state of Ohio