Muawiyah arranged for his son Yazid I to be appointed caliph on his death, which came in 680.

* 645 – Yazid I, Arabian Caliph ( d. 683 )

Mecca re-entered Islamic political history briefly when it was held by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who opposed the Umayyad caliphs and again when the caliph Yazid I besieged Mecca in 683.

* 680 – Battle of Karbala: Hussain bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I.

They view Hussein as the defender of Islam from annihilation at the hands of Yazid I. Hussein is the last imam following Ali whom all Shia sub-branches mutually recognise.

* Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I is succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah.

* The Umayyad caliph Yazid I ( 680 – 683 ) is succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid ( 683 – 684 ).

* Yazid I, a caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty

The Conquest of Mecca while overwhelming for the Umayyads for the time being, further fueled their hatred towards the Hashmites ; this would later result in battles between Muawiyah I and Ali and then killing of Husayn ibn Ali along with his family and a few friends on the orders of Yazid ibn Muawiyah at the Battle of Karbala.

He was succeeded by his son Yazid I. Muawiyah had held the expanding empire together by force of his personality, through personal allegiances, in the style of a traditional Arab sheikh.

In Muslim Shia books there is story about the Emperor with the Hasan ibn Ali and Yazid I when he asked the two leaders Ali & Muawiyah to bring the best of their sons to do knowledge tests to them, it happened between 660-662.,

As early as 668 the Caliph Muawiyah I, after receiving an invitation from Saborios, the commander of the troops in Armenia to help him overthrow the Emperor at Constantinople, sent an army under his son Yazid against the Eastern Roman Empire.

That the revolution replaced the monarchy and Shah Pahlavi with Islamism and Khomeini, rather than another leader and ideology, is credited in part to the spread of the Shia version of the Islamic revival that opposed Westernization, saw Ayatollah Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the beloved Shi ' a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and the Shah in those of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant Yazid I.

These included Abd al-Malik, Al-Walid I, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Umar II, Yazid II, and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

– Yazid I

Hussein is highly regarded by Shia as a martyr because he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph.

But after the death of Hasan, he, thinking that no one will be courageous enough to object his decision as the Caliph, designated his son, Yazid I, as his successor in 680 CE, literally breaking the treaty.

Husayn opposed Yazid I and declared that Umayyad rule was not only oppressive, but also religiously misguided.

Husayn also believed that the succession of Yazid I was an attempt to establish an illegitimate hereditary dynasty.

On the second day after the battle of Karbala, the forces of Yazid I raised the head of Husayn on a lance.

' Yazīd ibn Mu ‘ āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, ( 23 July 645 – 11 November 683 ), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate ( and the first one by birthright ).

Yazid was the Caliph as appointed by his father Muawiyah I and ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE.

* Umayyad caliph al-Walid II dies and is succeeded by his brother Yazid III, who dies shortly after.

* October 3 or October 4 – Yazid III, Umayyad Caliph ( b. 701 )

* Umayyad caliph Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 720 – 724 ) is succeeded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ).

* Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik.

Husayn in his path toward Kufa encounteredhe army of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, the governor of Kufa, led by Hurr ibn Yazid Riyahi, A top commander in the Umayyad army who later changed sides.

Muawiya II was born on 28 March 661 and was the son of Yazid I of the Umayyad dynasty and on his mother's side a descendent of the Quraysh tribe in the Hejaz.

Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II ( 687 – 26 January 724 ) () was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.

His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective.

Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II ( 706 – 17 April 744 ) () was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744.

Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn ' Abd al-Malik or Yazid III ( 701 – 25 September 744 ) () was an Umayyad caliph.

The prisoners were next sent to the court of Yazid, Umayyad caliph, in Damascus, where one of his Syrian followers asked for Husayn's daughter Faṭimah al-Kubra, and once again it was Zaynab who came to the rescue and protected her honour.

His visit coincided with that of the surviving female members of the Prophet's family and Husayn's son and heir Imam Zain-ul-Abideen, who had all been held captive in Damascus by Yazid I, the Umayyad Caliph.

Yazid II becomes Umayyad Caliph.

Yazid III becomes Umayyad Caliph and dies the same year.

No, I have taken power and if any one of you tries to disagree with me he shall pay the costly price of the loss of his head .” He carried out his ambition of keeping the power in his family by nominating his son Yazid as caliph after him.

Thereafter, when Walid Ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan became caliph in 126 A. H., he ordered that the skeleton be taken down from the gallows, burnt, and the ashes scattered to the wind.

After the death of Muawiyah, his son Yazid became caliph but was almost immediately challenged by Ali's younger son, Hussein.

Al-Hajjaj pressed al-Walid about this and the caliph commanded Sulayman to send him Yazid in chains.

He first sent an envoy to the caliph with letters asserting his loyalty as he was loyal to previous caliphs, urging Sulayman not to replace Qutaibah as governor of Khurasan with Yazid ibn al-Muhallab and, finally, if the envoy saw Sulayman favouring Yazid, with Qutaibah's renunciation of allegiance to Sulayman.

He refused to acknowledge Yazid II as caliph and led a very serious uprising.

The caliph accepted this and confirmed Muhammad ibn Yazid as governor of Ifriqiyah.

Marwan II decided to oppose Yazid III, and even though he later gave allegiance to Yazid, on the early death of that caliph, Marwan continued his own ambitions.